1. Introduction

The robotics automation, wireless sensors, artificial intelligence and embedded systems are famous scientific research fields with a wide margin for innovation and growth. Although these are areas that are literally different and divergent. However, they remain compatible. One can thus join these different axes in order to carry out applications that make life easier for mankind.

In this framework, we can mention several types of uses such as smart houses [1], smart agriculture [2] and smart parking [3], which are smart city [4] applications. We can also talk about e-health [5] and Industry 4.0 [6] which are applications in constant development.

In this work, we’re going to touch on smart parking. The automated systems for vehicle parking management [7] are widely available in the recent years. However, it is still an exclusive product that is not largely used for a couple of reasons including   being very cost expensive and complex. These difficulties also contribute to other problems such as hard maintenance and resource management issues [8]. Nowadays, android applications and Arduino based technologies [9] are the mainstream and the most popular solution in numerous domains due to being open sourced. This attribute makes them easy to implement and heavily supported with the majority of hardware and software.  For these reasons we used android based application for our embedded smart parking and management system that outperformed the other available options in resource optimization and performance.

In our previous work [10] we presented a fully embedded architecture for an automated intelligent parking system that communicates through an Android application, which delivered an intelligent parking management and a top-notch costumer service for smart parking.

In this paper, we describe in details our previous work [10] while we expand on the practical implementation and the communication interface. With the objective of having a functional prototype that develops the research work and can be integrated in the field of smart cities, we will present two platforms:

• an embedded platform that has the role of data acquisition and processing in our parking lot. The use and architecture will be described later on.
• a client/server platform with Android and Web applications: these will describe the reservation, confirmation and payment parts of the proposed service.

Our paper will be presented as follows. We start by an overview on the smart parking state of the art. In the theoretical analysis section, we will introduce the architectural design of the car parks on one hand and the developed computer application to be realized on the other. Then, we present the practical implementation section where we demonstrate the developed applications as well as the implemented embedded architecture. Finally, we compare between the implemented Intelligent Parking results before we declare the conclusion and perspectives.

2. State of Art

Several works have presented smart parking. In [11], they present a flexible and real time information system. This parking is easy to use for the client via web connexion. A CMOS cam is used to control the parking. The disadvantages of this system are the need to inquire for the available slot, the high implementation cost. The most important disadvantage is the bottlenecks due to an overload of incoming informations.

In [12], they use RFID technology. It permits to have not only secured but also an easy and fast checking out of the vehicles in less time. The data security is provided by ZigBee Wireless Technology. The data of the arrival and departure of the vehicle are stored in database. To inform the driver informations are displayed on the LCD proposed screens in the parking. Despite all the advantages, the system has many disadvantages. It allows one by one. That’s why it consumes a lot of time and prevent multiple check out and check in at the same time. The drive can’t make a reservation via mobile device. Another disadvantage of RFID is the increase of cost and of the node to node implementation time.

In [13], if the most important disadvantage is that the parking does not alarm the user about the car theft, the proposed smart parking use ultrasonic sensors and RFID. Needing for deployment ZigBee and 3G (or 4G, 5G…), the most important advantages of the proposed work are the use of the Car Parking Framework that gives two performance classes in term of financial and consumption cost deployment. In addition, the heterogeneous wireless sensor network cause energy fluctuations. To remedy they use LIBP gathering protocol.

In [14], they use Zigbee for deployment and ferromagnetic sensor. Suryady and al introduced another concept of smart parking based on cloud-based platforms as a service (PaaS). This technology gives the smart parking an interesting quality. The smart-parking system is faster to use. It reduces time, cost and system maintenance. The platform has the advantage of being flexible to collaborate with other platforms. This system has also disadvantaged. It does not provide neither guidance for the drive nor payment due to the application insecurity to protect user privacy. The user has no possibility to display spaces for user on smartphone or parking LCD.

In [15], the smart parking is more complete. It has many qualities like his flexibility and security increase. This security appears for the user because of less of human interaction for booking slots. The drive can find the availability of parking space and then books slots. The IoT’s devices provide data storage. The data are processed and collected to be saved. The drive has another security aspect to preserve the user from steals by theft management.

As we already declared, there are numerous automated parking management systems, yet only three methods which are Park Assist [16], Hectronic [17] and Parking plus [18] that stand out and achieve respectable results. These intelligent car parks are available on the market but have some missing features that need to be addressed.

2.1. Park Assist smart parking system

the TKH group developed this smart parking system that have various traits including guiding the client to the empty parking space while providing access to a mobile application with the vehicle geolocation  and the reliance on machine learning analysis for the parking spaces to insure the right exploitation.

2.2. Hectronic intelligent parking

Contrary to Park assist, this intelligent parking system delivered by the German international company Hectronic has a separate entrance and exit terminals. The main feature of this system is their powerful and well built security alongside other adequately constructed services.

2.3. Parking Plus mobile application

This parking system is based on a mobile application that delivers a central parking service by gathering information from a cluster of parking zones to provide the driver with the details about the nearest empty parking place and the possibility to reserve it and pay for it by the phone.

When we analyze these various methods, we found that some of them have security shortcomings both in capturing information for reservation and payment or in securing vehicles in case of theft. Therefore, in this work we present an intelligent car park allowing the capture of information on the different vehicles when they enter, exit and during their presence in our car park. An offline backup is made throughout the day before being transmitted to the cloud in order to maintain a trace if necessary.

Reservation, payment and placement of the car in the car park are done in a secure way via not only web but also mobile applications compatible on different types of terminals.

Given the lack of space proposed for parking lots and the permanent increase in the number of cars in large cities generally and particularly in Tunisia, our goal is to set up an intelligent system to give the user the choice, if possible, to choose his parking space, if not to allocate an automatic space to optimize the space.

Indeed, thanks to the automatic parking system chosen, we will have the possibility:

• to secure the parking lot by minimizing human intervention: cars will be closed and parked at the entrance of the parking lot. Their placement will be carried out automatically afterwards.
• to optimize space and minimize accidents: the cars will be parked automatically and therefore no space or accidents due to bad maneuvers will occur.
• to minimize pollution and traffic jams: by allowing the reservation system to not search for parking spaces in a random way and therefore optimize fuel consumption and minimize pollution.

The innovation proposed in our paper is to create a fully automated parking system that solves the limitations described above.

This design will present not only the architecture of the realized prototype but also the technologies based on the IoT to allow the automatic placement of cars in the proposed concept.

There will be a design part, an IoT part and a hardware implementation part which will be described in parts 3 and 4.

3. Theoretical Analysis

Looking at the systems available on the market, we can initially assume that depending on their points of strength we can choose from them a tolerable approach [19]. However, these methods have many apparent concerns such as the inefficient space exploitation with Park Assist and Hectronic by the need for a driving pavement to connect the vehicle to the driving spot and the capacity problem caused by the lack of long term parking strategy [20]. We can also point out the high service cost and the absence of security plan for Parking Plus. In this section we will describe the different axis of our own parking architecture that fix these issues.

We begin with our proposed parking architecture for car parks that is set up in narrow plots of land. We present a cylinder shape architecture as shown in figure 1. The second part of this theoretical analysis introduce the proposed embedded system to collect, process and update the information before transmission step. The last part describes the frontend and the backend of the application architecture. It will describe different actors and secured reservation and payment service to be used by the driver.

3.1. Smart parking architecture
3.1.1. Proposed smart parking architecture

In order to solve the parking management concerns that the previous methods failed to answer, we conceptualized a structure with a cylinder-shaped architecture for vehicle parking as revealed in figure 1.

Figure 1: The front face display of the cylinder-shaped architecture for our parking

We choose using this architectural shape in an attempt to reduce the space spent on pavement allowing the vehicle movement within the structure and switching to a unique vehicle area, which is the mechanical component that act as an elevator and the selector for the parking place simultaneously.

3.1.2. Detailed units of the architecture

To simplify and optimize the driver’s access to the proposed architecture, the parking place selection is done via the android mobile application. Afterwards, the driver has to station his vehicle on the entrance elevator panel that has the same size as standard parking place as shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: A side view of the entrance elevator panel

Having reserved a parking space via web or mobile application, the customer will provide the information for the car registration number. This number will be the reference to allow the car to enter the parking place.

Once the vehicle is checked to the entrance panel, a two-armed cart raise the panel as an elevator. Figure 3 present an example of this activity.

Afterwards, the vehicle will be directed directly to the parking space relying on the elevator’s ability to rotate 360 degrees. This feature allows the system to set the vehicle in the appropriate location selected in advance by the customer. The exit process is also similar to the entry procedure but backwards. The customer has to do his check out and pay for the service via the mobile application and once he does the elevator selects the vehicle corresponding to the car registration number and bring it down to the exit of the parking lot.

The full automation of elevator with the minimization of manpower and human intervention in the parking process will make the process secure by avoiding human errors and effective by efficient exploitation of the parking facility.

Figure 3: A sketch example of a vehicle elevator

3.2. Hardware embedded architecture

Having chosen a suitable architectural form for our intelligent car park, we will present the embedded implementation of our system in this section. It will, in fact, consist of three parts. Firstly, we have chosen a set of sensors and actuators that will be installed in order to obtain information about the parking spaces if they are available or occupied. Second, a system will collect this information from the installed sensors to update and save the occupancy in the parking lot. This data will be saved locally and subsequently updated in the cloud. In part C, we will present the software backup platform implemented.

3.2.1. Used set of sensors and actuators (SSA)

As described in the state-of-the-art section, our intelligent car park will not only make the driver’s life easier by offering him an available space but will also provide him with a secure space for both him and his vehicle.

Thus, a surveillance camera at the entrance but also on each floor of the car park will detect the license plate of the car in order to validate its access to the car park but also to the reserved space.

As soon as the car reaches its space a sensor will transfer the information and cancel the space for any other reservation. At the exit of the car park, the information is transmitted directly to the driver and the space will be directly released for another reservation.

The billing for this operation will be proportional to the time occupied in our car park.

To sum up, we’ll need:

– Surveillance cameras at the entrance and exit of the car park but also at the entrance and exit of each floor of our car park.

– Barrier level detection sensors to validate entry and exit to the car park.

– Infrared sensors to transmit information on the presence and absence of the car from the reserved space.

In parallel with the sensors, the need for actuators is equally important. Indeed, these will allow us to manage the different engines of our car park remotely. We can therefore mention the following:

– The motors of the car park barriers

– The engines of the car lift

– Vehicle placement jacks as shown in Figure 3.

Due to the importance of precision in the realization of our system. Different electrical voltage values must be received from the sensors and sent to the different motors. The accuracy of these data requires a system that can directly manipulate the analog data by minimizing the use of digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters. This will be detailed in the section sensor and actuators control and collection platform.

3.2.2. Sensor and actuators control and collection platform (SAC2P)

In order to control the various sensors and actuators present in our system, we will use an on-board platform that can receive and transmit analog data. In the prototype that will be described in section IV, part B, we will use an embedded Arduino platform that will allow us to validate the proposed approach.

This platform will be connected via Bluetooth to both actuators and sensors. It will thus control entry to the car park, the placement of the car and the sending of information to the information backup and transfer platform. Figure 4 describes sensor and actuators control and collection platform.

Figure 4: Sensor and actuators control and collection platform

3.2.3. Information backup and transfer platform (IBTP)

The Information backup and transfer platform part offers a digital embedded platform.

Several types of platforms can be proposed such as GPUs, FPGAs, ASICs. This platform will have four main tasks with the following priorities:

1. Acquisition and processing of information from surveillance
2. The administration of the Sensor and actuators control and collection platform via Bluetooth.
3. The offline backup and management of the various data recovered.
4. Updating information and saving it on the cloud server via wifi or 4G

Figure 5: Information backup and transfer platform

Since, for our application, obtaining a real-time result is not paramount, it is not necessary to use GPUs that are quite expensive in terms of hardware and energy costs. Thus, a simple multiprocessor architecture based on 4 processors working in parallel is largely enough.

For our application, we decided to use a Raspberry Pi as a platform to meet the needs of our Smart Parking prototype. In part 4, we will describe in more detail the system implemented.

In figure 5, there is a description of information backup and transfer platform.

3.3. Software reservation platform architecture

After having described and set up the architecture part 3.1 and the hardware part 3.2, we will highlight in part 3.3 the software part and particularly the online booking platform.

In the reservation part we will have several interfaces.

Firstly, the administrator will access the different functionalities via the web. He will be able to modify the terms of payment, accept complaints, validate possible subscriptions from members and deal with disputes.

It is the administrator who will be able to manipulate the number of spaces, the availability as well as the occupation of the car park, the rates per hourly session, penalties for late payment.

The customer will access the online booking platform either via mobile application or via web.

Each customer must first register on the system either via mobile application or via the web. He will indicate his personal data (surname, first name, telephone number, e-mail, license plate, make and colour of the car, …). He will then choose the method of payment either by credit card or in cash.

As a nominal scenario, a customer will be able to reserve a place on one or the other of the applications. He will indicate the duration of his parking period. At the time of reservation, the user will indicate the method of payment. At 15 minutes from the end of the indicated parking period, a SMS and an e-mail will be sent to inform the customer. He will be able to extend his reservation by reply or maintain the duration indicated at the time of reservation.

On leaving the car park, the parking space is released and is therefore open for a new reservation.

If the customer leaves the car park on time and has paid by credit card, they will leave the car park directly: the camera at the car park entrance will identify the car and open the entrance barrier.  If he is going to pay in cash, a machine will take the coins or notes and give him the rest of the amount.

If the customer is late without replying to the SMS received, he will have to pay a penalty. The amount charged for leaving the car park will be the equivalent of a full day’s parking.

If the customer is late and this delay has been indicated by message, the customer will pay the difference when leaving the car park.

4. Practical implementation

In this part we will present the parts describing the implementation and setup of our demonstrator. We will start with the modeling part including the class diagram and the use case diagram.

Then we propose the mobile SW part (Arduino application) and finally the implementation of the embedded part implemented on an Arduino platform.

4.1. Uses case diagram

In this section we will present the actors of our platform. The administrator, the client as a physical actor and the system as a logical actor.

0As shown in Figure 6, the administrator has the possibility to access to the different functionalities via the web. He will be able to accept claims, check the number of seats and set rates per hourly session.

The administrator can also be able to manipulate the penalties for late payment, validate the possible subscription of the member and change the terms of payment, etc.

Figure 6: Admin Use Class Diagram

Figure 7: Client Use Class Diagram

The client, as mentioned in Figure 7, must start by registering on the system either via mobile application or via the web. He I indicate his personal data such as surname, first name, phone number, e-mail, license plate, make and color of the car, etc. After that, he chooses the method of payment either by credit card or cash. He will be able to reserve a place by indicate the duration of his parking period.

At the time of his reservation, the client will indicate the method of payment. He will be able to extend his reservation by reply or maintain the duration indicated at the time of reservation.

The last actor is the system, as represented in Figure 8, it must be able to identity the car, take coins or bills, remit the rest of the amount, open the entry barrier and before 15 minutes of the end of the period subscription, it sends a SMS to client to inform him; if he wants to extend the period or he free the space.

Figure 8: System Use Cas Diagram

Figure 9: Our smart park application main menu

4.2. Android application

The Android operating system is by far the largest used operating system for smartphones in the world for the recent years. To communicate with our automated smart system, we developed an Android application to exploit the ease of implementation, compatibility and support [21]. We used the App Inventor development tool generate by Google to create our Android web application for smartphones [22]. Our application contains a main menu for the user to select the desired parking floor from the parking structure as shown in figure 9.

From this menu the driver first selects the floor and then searches for the empty parking location. Finally, the application creates a security code for the specific location to be used by the user when he exits the parking facility. It is also possible for the user to let the parking system to choose automatically which place to allocate.

4.3. Arduino technology embedded system:

To control the various parts of our system we choose to work with a simple Arduino board [23] and we have decided on the Arduino mega board. This embedded bored is responsible for the communication with the client commands coming from the Android application. It is also responsible for checking and monitoring the sensors that provide the information about empty locations and vehicle presence, while managing the mechanical elements of the elevator and the rotating panel.

For the communication part, the Arduino mega board needs the Arduino WIFI shield in order to connect to the network via WIFI [24]. As displayed in figure 10, this wifi shield is pin by pin compatible with the Arduino mega board, which makes it easy to work with.

Figure 10: The Arduino WIFI shield

Figure 11: Arduino mega board and the PIR sensor wiring diagram

In order to collect the information about the availability of the parking locations and the elevator panel a cluster of spread out sensors is crucial for our system. Therefore, we decided to lay out a collection of the PIR (Passive Infrared Sensor) in every parking location, the entrance, the exit and in the elevator panel. As shown in figure 11, connecting the PIR sensor to our Arduino mega board is a very simple operation that demands the use of only three pins. We also considered using the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor for the same operation mainly for compatibility reasons since it is also an Arduino technologies component. However, considering the low expensive PIR sensor was the optimal choice since it does not compromise the proficiency of our system [25].

To manage the mechanical part of our system, which are the elevator panel motor and the rotation motor, we also relied on our Arduino mega board. For our prototype , we sufficed with the use of simple direct current motor driver to emulate a real life situation where our Arduino mega board can also control the motor of the elevator using two relays and terminal levers for the 230V alternative current motor [26]. Our choice for a simple DC motor driver is the L298N circuit that grants our Arduino board full authority over the speed and the rotation direction of the direct current motor [27]. For the panel rotation motor, we used a servomotor connected to the Arduino mega. The servomotor delivers an immense management and control to every detail of the panel rotation and angular rotation manipulation [28]. With the use of the servomotor, we guarantee that our smart parking system is capable to reach all parking positions throughout the facility thanks to the 360 degrees of freedom available to the rotating panel. In figure 12 we present the wiring diagram for both the DC motor and the servomotor.

Figure 12: The Arduino mega board wiring diagram with the L298N motor driver, the DC motor and the servo motor.

4.4. Result comparison

Comparing the system we have set up with the different intelligent parking lots existing in the literature we notice that our system has several points in common with them but has advantages in terms of space optimization and automation of the system.

Table 1 illustrates this comparison.

Table 1: ESP2 parking comparison

As shown in Table 1, it can be seen that all the systems described in the literature offer a mobile application for booking.

However, the car parking requires the intervention of the man (driver or parking manager) to park the car unlike our system which is fully automated based on sensors, IoT and embedded systems.

The minimization of human intervention makes it possible to secure the system against theft, minimize human errors and save energy consumption.

Finally, as Parking+, our system has an intelligent part to update the status of the parking lot and therefore make it easier to park the car while minimizing the waiting time for parking.

5. Conclusion

Throughout this paper we introduced a smart vehicle parking system that effectively manage the storage and automates vehicle parking using an Android application as the front-end user communication platform with our embedded control system. Our embedded control unit includes the main Arduino mega embedded board and the Arduino WIFI shield that ensures WIFI connection. The information for the presence of vehicles and the availability of empty parking location is acquired by the collection of PIR sensors and provided to the Arduino mega board to take the appropriate decision. This main control unit is also responsible for the management and control of the elevator panel and the rotation engine in charge of accessing the empty locations and stored vehicles.

Our novel smart parking system with the Android customer communication unit has delivered a better storage management capability than the previously mentioned commercially available competitors. The dominance of our developed system over Park Assist and Hectronic parking system  is  clearly manifested in the long term cost gained from the smart management of the allocated space that our competitors sacrifice in order to provide the driving pavement needed to connect the vehicle to the driving spot. The Parking Plus application also miss the security quality that our solution provides compared to their nonexistent answer to this problem.

Although our system is a great solution for smart parking, we do not deny the fact that it has a few shortcomings such as the need for more flexibility when it comes to the architectural structure of the facility and the power management of the mechanical parts (elevator panel and rotation engine). These limitations can be the subject of future research that can include introducing a sustainable energy resources and other architectural designs. we can also ensure a better security by implementing a decentralized Blockchain based security control system in case of an expansion to a multiple units of smart parking systems.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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12. Deeptaanshu Kumar, Ajmal Thanikkal, Prithvi Krishnamurthy, Xinlei Chen, Pei Zhang, "Analysis of Different Supervised Machine Learning Methods for Accelerometer-Based Alcohol Consumption Detection from Physical Activity", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 147–154, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070419
13. Afsah Sharmin, Farhat Anwar, S M A Motakabber, Aisha Hassan Abdalla Hashim, "A Secure Trust Aware ACO-Based WSN Routing Protocol for IoT", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 95–105, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070311
14. Mahdi Musa, Audu Mabu, Falmata Modu, Adam Adam, Farouq Aliyu, "Automated Hydroponic System using Wireless Sensor Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1–17, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070201
15. Dmitry Petrov, Ulrich Hilleringmann, "Low-Power Primary Cell with Water-Based Electrolyte for Powering of Wireless Sensors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 267–272, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060529
16. Mila Ilieva-Obretenova, "Devices and Methods for Microclimate Research in Closed Areas – Underground Mining", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 395–400, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060444
17. Rafael Souza Cotrim, João Manuel Leitão Pires Caldeira, Vasco Nuno da Gama de Jesus Soares, Pedro Miguel de Figueiredo Dinis Oliveira Gaspar, "Power Saving MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Performance Assessment Analysis", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 341–347, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060438
18. Kumar Rahul Tiwari, Indar Singhal, Alok Mittal, "Real Time RSSI Compensation for Precise Distance Calculation using Sensor Fusion for Smart Wearables", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 327–333, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060436
19. Jeklin Harefa, Gredion Prajena, Alexander, Abdillah Muhamad, Edmundus Valin Setia Dewa, Sena Yuliandry, "SEA WAF: The Prevention of SQL Injection Attacks on Web Applications", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 405–411, 2025. doi: 10.25046/aj060247
20. Majda Lakhal, Mohamed Benslimane, Mehdi Tmimi, Abdelali Ibriz, "Architecture of Real-Time Patient Health Monitoring Based on 5G Technologies", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 351–358, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060240
21. Isman Khazi, Andras Kovacs, Ulrich Mescheder, Ali Zahedi, Bahman Azarhoushang, "Fusion of Optical and Microfabricated Eddy-Current Sensors for the Non-Destructive Detection of Grinding Burn", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1414–1421, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601160
22. Basavaraj Madagouda, R. Sumathi, "Artificial Neural Network Approach using Mobile Agent for Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1137–1144, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj0601127
23. Angelina, Weliati, Edwin Christian Jonatan Wardoyo, Sugiarto Hartono, "Mobile Application Design for Student Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 776–782, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060186
24. Antonio Vitale, Federico Corraro, Nicola Genito, Luca Garbarino, Leopoldo Verde, "An Innovative Angle of Attack Virtual Sensor for Physical-Analytical Redundant Measurement System Applicable to Commercial Aircraft", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 698–709, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060176
25. Amin S. Ibrahim, Khaled Y Youssef, Mohamed Abouelatta, "Traffic Aggregation Techniques for Optimizing IoT Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 509–518, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060156
26. Lixin Wang, Jianhua Yang, Sean Gill, Xiaohua Xu, "Data Aggregation, Gathering and Gossiping in Duty-Cycled Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks subject to Physical Interference", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 369–377, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060142
27. Anatoly Stepanov, Vitaly Enin, "Sensorless Control and Corrected Error Commutation of the Brushless DC Motor", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 224–229, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060125
28. José Paulo de Almeida Amaro, João Manuel Leitão Pires Caldeira, Vasco Nuno da Gama de Jesus Soares, João Alfredo Fazendeiro Fernandes Dias, "Autonomous Robot Path Construction Prototype Using Wireless Sensor Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 169–177, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060119
29. Afsah Sharmin, Farhat Anwar, S M A Motakabber, "Efficient and Scalable Ant Colony Optimization based WSN Routing Protocol for IoT", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1710–1718, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506204
30. Hasan Tariq, Abderrazak Abdaoui, Farid Touati, Mohammad Abdullah Al Hitmi, Damiano Crescini, Adel Ben Mnaouer, "Real-time Gradient-Aware Indigenous AQI Estimation IoT Platform", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1666–1673, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506198
31. Chinedu Wilfred Okonkwo, Magda Huisman, Estelle Taylor, "A Framework for Adoption and Diffusion of Mobile Applications in Africa", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1577–1592, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506189
32. Sara Ftaimi, Tomader Mazri, "Handling Priority Data in Smart Transportation System by using Support Vector Machine Algorithm", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1422–1427, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506172
33. Anatoly Panyukov, Alexander Bogushov, "Development of Secondary Processing Data Methods under Single Point Thunderstorm Activity Monitoring", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1096–1102, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506133
34. Alexi Delgado, Enrique Lee Huamaní, Alfredo Chiara-Sotomayor, Florencio Roman-Casahuamán, "Design of a Mobile Application for the School Enrollment Process in Order to Prevent Covid-19", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1042–1046, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506126
35. Maria Cecilia Galvez, Daniel Paulo Tipan, Angelo Ashtin Valera, Edgar Vallar, Alma Nacua, "Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and PM\(_{2.5}\) Measurement at Three Urban Parks in Manila, Philippines using Portable Sensors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1027–1032, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506124
36. Carlos M. Oppus, Maria Aileen Leah G. Guzman, Maria Leonora C. Guico, Jose Claro N. Monje, Mark Glenn F. Retirado, John Chris T. Kwong, Genevieve C. Ngo, Annael J. Domingo, "Design of a Remote Real-time Groundwater Level and Water Quality Monitoring System for the Philippine Groundwater Management Plan Project", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1007–1012, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506121
37. Muhammad Arif Riza, Yun Ii Go, "Investigation of the Effect of FBG Profiles, Temperature and Transmission Distance for Environmental Sensing & Monitoring", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 912, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506108
38. Naeem Ahmed Haq Nawaz, Hamid Raza Malik, Ahmed Jaber Alshaor, Kamran Abid, "A Simulation Based Proactive Approach for Smart Capacity Estimation in the Context of Dynamic Positions and Events", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 423–438, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050651
39. Hoang Anh Dung, Nguyen Manh Cuong, Nguyen Phan Kien, "Multi-Directional Light Sensing Using A Rotating Sensor", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 221–227, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050626
40. Mikhail Vladimirovich Vartanov, Trung Ta Tran, Van Dung Nguyen, "Research of the Effect of Rotation and Low-Frequency Vibration on the Robotic Assembly Process", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 160–168, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050619
41. Redha Touati, Max Mignotte, Mohamed Dahmane, "A Circular Invariant Convolution Model-Based Mapping for Multimodal Change Detection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1288–1298, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505155
42. Ioana Marcu, Ana-Maria Drăgulinescu, Carmen Florea, Cristina Bălăceanu, Marius Alexandru Dobrea, George Suciu, "Agricultural Data Fusion for SmartAgro Telemetry System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1266–1272, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505152
43. Paul Cabacungan, Carlos Oppus, Gregory Tangonan, Nerissa Cabacungan, John Paul Mamaradlo, Neil Angelo Mercado, "Design and Development of Electronic Sensor and Monitoring System of Smart Low-cost Phototherapy Light System for Non-Invasive Monitoring and Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1233–1246, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505149
44. Kodai Kitagawa, Koji Matsumoto, Kensuke Iwanaga, Siti Anom Ahmad, Takayuki Nagasaki, Sota Nakano, Mitsumasa Hida, Shogo Okamatsu, Chikamune Wada, "Posture Recognition Method for Caregivers during Postural Change of a Patient on a Bed using Wearable Sensors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1093–1098, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505133
45. Victoria Oguntosin, Akindele Ayoola E, "Control of Soft Robotic Artificial Muscle with Hand Gesture Using Leap Motion Sensor", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1007–1012, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505123
46. Adrian Florea, Valentin Fleaca, Simona Daniela Marcu, "Innovative Solution for Parking-Sharing of Private Institutions Using Various Occupancy Tracking Methods", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 808–819, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050598
47. Tri Nhut Do, Quang Minh Pham, Hoa Binh Le-Nguyen, Cao Tri Nguyen, Hai Minh Nguyen-Tran, "Development of a Wireless Displacement Estimation System Using IMU-based Device", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 781–788, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050595
48. Nghia Duong-Trung, Nga Quynh Thi Tang, Xuan Son Ha, "Interpretation of Machine Learning Models for Medical Diagnosis", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 469–477, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050558
49. Martin Kenyeres, Jozef Kenyeres, "Applicability of Generalized Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm to Estimating Aggregate Functions in Wireless Sensor Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 224–236, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050528
50. Gulam, Afan Galih Salman, Bayu Kanigoro, "Learning Tool for Kids on Android Platform", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 212–216, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050526
51. Sultana Parween, Syed Zeeshan Hussain, "A Review on Cross-Layer Design Approach in WSN by Different Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 741–754, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050488
52. Panida Lorwongtrakool, Phayung Meesad, "Correlation-Based Incremental Learning Network for Gas Sensors Drift Compensation Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 660–666, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050479
53. Adonis Santos, Patricia Angela Abu, Carlos Oppus, Rosula Reyes, "Real-Time Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition System for Assistive Driving", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 600–611, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050471
54. Deepti Sehrawat, Nasib Singh Gill, "IoT Based Human Activity Recognition System Using Smart Sensors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 516–522, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050461
55. Roberta Avanzato, Francesco Beritelli, "A CNN-based Differential Image Processing Approach for Rainfall Classification", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 438–444, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050452
56. Sarun Duangsuwan, Chakree Teekapakvisit, Myo Myint Maw, "Development of Soil Moisture Monitoring by using IoT and UAV-SC for Smart Farming Application", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 381–387, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050444
57. Nalluri Prophess Raj Kumar, Josemin Bala Gnanadhas, "Cluster Centroid-Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for WSN-Assisted IoT", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 296–313, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050436
58. Alexi Delgado, Enrique Lee Huamaní, Elizabeth Jenny Cortez-De La Peña, "A Mobile Application Design to Prevent Criminal Acts in Lima, Peru", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 40–46, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050406
59. Evaristus Didik Madyatmadja, Hendro Nindito, Debri Pristinella, "Citizen Behavior: The Evaluation of Complaint Application that Connected to Smart City", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 24–29, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050403
60. Fatima Lakrami, Najib El Kamoun, Hind Sounni, Ouidad Albouidya, Khalid Zine-Dine, "The Design of an Experimental Model for Deploying Home Area Network in Smart Grid", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 419–431, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050353
61. Muath Bani-Hani, M. Amin Karami, "Piezoelectric Teeth Aligners to Accelerate Orthodontics Treatment", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 178–190, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050324
62. Anisur Rahman, "Non Parallelism and Cayley-Menger Determinant in Submerged Localization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 150–157, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050320
63. Zuhri Syarifudin, Suharjito, "Mobile Based for Basic English Learning Assessment with Augmented Reality", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 774–780, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050297
64. Rabeb Faleh, Souhir Bedoui, Abdennaceur Kachouri, "Review on Smart Electronic Nose Coupled with Artificial Intelligence for Air Quality Monitoring", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 739–747, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050292
65. Nuno Martins, Jéssica Campos, Ricardo Simoes, "Activerest: Design of A Graphical Interface for the Remote use of Continuous and Holistic Care Providers", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 635–645, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050279
66. Asmae Bengag, Amina Bengag, Omar Moussaoui, "Attacks Classification and a Novel IDS for Detecting Jamming Attack in WBAN", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 80–86, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050210
67. Martin Kenyeres, Jozef Kenyeres, "Distributed Linear Summing in Wireless Sensor Networks with Implemented Stopping Criteria", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 19–27, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050203
68. Aref Hassan Kurd Ali, Halikul Lenando, Mohamad Alrfaay, Slim Chaoui, Haithem Ben Chikha, Akram Ajouli, "Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in Resource-Constrained Opportunistic Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 402–413, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040651
69. Amine Kardi, Rachid Zagrouba, "Attacks classification and security mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 229–243, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040630
70. Hamid Ali Abed AL-Asadi, Abdulhadi Alhassani, Nor Azura Ahmed Hambali, Mustafa Abdulazeez AlSibahee, Saif Ali Alwazzan, Ali Mohammed Jasim, "Priority Incorporated Zone Based Distributed Clustering Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 306–313, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040539
71. Mário Rodrigues, Rita Santos, Alexandra Queirós, Anabela Silva, João Amaral, Patrícia Simões, Jorge Gonçalves, Ciro Martins, António Pereira, Nelson Pacheco da Rocha, "Supporting Better Physical Activity in a Smart City: a Framework for Suggesting and Supervising Walking Paths", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 404–413, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040449
72. Vaibhav B. Vaijapurkar, Yerram Ravinder, "Development of Tactile Display and an Efficient Approach to Enhance Perceptual Analysis in Rehabilitation", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 01–11, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040401
73. Tlija Amira, Istrate Dan, Badii Atta, Gattoufi Said, Bennani Az-eddine, Wegrzyn-Wolska Katarzyna, "Stress Level Classification Using Heart Rate Variability", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 38–46, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040306
74. Amir Rizaan Rahiman, Md. Ashikul Islam, Md. Noor Derahman, "Resourceful Residual Energy Consumption in TDMA Scheduling for IoT-based Wireless Sensor Network", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 31–37, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040305
75. Iryna Zhuravska, Dmytro Lernatovych, Oleksandr Burenko, "Detection the Places of the Heat Energy Leak on the Underground Thermal Pipelines Using the Computer System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 01–09, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040301
76. Gabriel Dämmer, Sven Gablenz, Alexander Hildebrandt, Zoltan Major, "Design of an Additively Manufacturable Multi-Material Light-Weight Gripper with integrated Bellows Actuators", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 23–33, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040204
77. Shruthi Narayanaswamy, Anitha Vijaya Kumar, "Application Layer Security Authentication Protocols for the Internet of Things: A Survey", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 317–328, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040131
78. Abdullah Y. Al-Maliki, Kamran Iqbal, "PID-Type FLC Controller Design and Tuning for Sensorless Speed Control of DC Motor", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 515–522, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030660
79. Callum Owen-Bridge, Stewart Blakeway, Emanuele Lindo Secco, "An Integrated & Secure System for Wearable Devices", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 432–437, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030651
80. Paolo Mercorelli, "Using Fuzzy PD Controllers for Soft Motions in a Car-like Robot", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 380–390, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030646
81. João Manuel Leitão Pires Caldeira, Vasco Nuno da Gama de Jesus Soares, Pedro Miguel de Figueiredo Dinis Oliveira Gaspar, Joel José Puga Coelho Rodrigues, Ricardo Manuel Valentim Fontes, José Luís Lopes Silva, "iSensA – A System for Collecting and Integrating Sensor Data", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 213–221, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030628
82. Procheta Nag, Saikat Mondal, Arun More, "A Holistic User Centric Acute Myocardial Infarction Prediction System With Model Evaluation Using Data Mining Techniques", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 56–66, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030605
83. Saurin Patel, Rick Walker, "Minimally Invasive, Thermal Energy Based, Cost-Efficient Method to Measure Fluid Flows in Compact Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 454–458, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030552
84. Mostafa Haghi, Kerstin Thurow, Regina Stoll, "A Ubiquitous and Configurable Wrist-Worn Sensor Node in Hazardous Gases Detection", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 248–257, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030530
85. Eiken Lübbers, Dierk Schoen, "Implementation of a Robot Contest for Distance Education", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 161–165, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030520
86. Hubert Bryan Riley, David Solomon Raj Kondru, Mehmet Celenk, "IR Sensing Embedded System Development for Prototype Mobile Platform and Multisensory Data Fusion for Autonomous Convoy", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 372–377, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030438
87. Michael J. Hirsch, Azar Sadeghnejad, "Minimizing Time Delay of Information Routed Across Dynamic Temporal Sensor Networks", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 327–340, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030433
88. Sherif Said, Samer Al-Kork, Vishnu Nair, Itta Gowthami, Taha Beyrouthy, Xavier Savatier, M Fayek Abdrabbo, "Experimental Investigation of Human Gait Recognition Database using Wearable Sensors", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 201–210, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030418
89. Tsz Hei Yeung, Chi Kit Ng, Vincent Ng, "A Smart Mobile Application for Assisting Parents in Anti-Drug Support", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 434–442, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030153
90. Tasneem Sanjana, Ferdus Wahid, Mehrab Masayeed Habib, Ahmed Amin Rumel, "Design of an Automatic Forward and Back Collision Avoidance System for Automobiles", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 205–212, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030124
91. Tanveer Ahmed, Muhammad Kaleem, Khurram Saleem Alimgeer, Mustafa Shakir, Sajid Nazir, "Optimization of Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks through Intelligent Assignment of Initial Energy", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1799–1803, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203219
92. Habib Smei, Kamel Smiri, Abderrazak Jemai, "A New profiling and pipelining approach for HEVC Decoder on ZedBoard Platform", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 40–48, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020605
93. Weihua Li, Chiman Kwan, "A Novel Approach to Sensor and Actuator Integrity Monitoring and Fault Magnitude Reconstruction", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1748–1757, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203214
94. Ali Abduljalil Abdulla, Hui Liu, Norbert Stoll, Kerstin Thurow, "A Secure Automated Elevator Management System and Pressure Sensor based Floor Estimation for Indoor Mobile Robot Transportation", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1599–1608, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203199
95. Moises Levy, Jason O. Hallstrom, "A Reliable, Non-Invasive Approach to Data Center Monitoring and Management", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1577–1584, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203196
96. Yasutaka Kawamoto, Makoto Kubomi, Yuichi Kado, "Compact wireless control network protocol with fast path switching", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1350–1357, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203170
97. Md. Tanjim-Al-Akib, Lutfullahil Kabir Ashik, Krishanu Chowdhury, Md. Zahid Hasan, Hosne Al Walid, "Content Reordering Based on Mouse-tracking for Web Applications", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1314–1322, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203166
98. Mohammed Myasar Ali, Hui Liu, Norbert Stoll, Kerstin Thurow, "Grasping and Placing Operation for Labware Transportation in Life Science Laboratories using Mobile Robots", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1227–1237, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203155
99. Mohammed Myasar Ali, Hui Liu, Norbert Stoll, Kerstin Thurow, "Recognition and Position Estimation for Multiple Labware Transportation Using Kinect V2 and Mobile Robots", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1218–1226, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203154
100. Aly Chkeir, Farah Mourad-Chehade, Jacques Beau, Monique Maurice, Sandra Komarzynski, Francis Levi, David J. Hewson, Jacques Duchêne, "A novel algorithm for detecting human circadian rhythms using a thoracic temperature sensor", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 105–110, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020414