1. Introduction

        The water hyacinth is a biennial aquatic plant for many seasons with propagated quickly to become serious weeds in general water sources, especially in Thailand and Southeast Asia. The weeding of water hyacinth plant residues causes carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as a greenhouse effect, which leads to climate change, the environmental concerns of the world today. The agricultural residue materials are the most used manufactured material in the world through a lot of water hyacinth plant but a little is used efficiently. One approach to reduce agricultural waste and add value to them is to produce a fiber composite like roof tiles.

      Although water hyacinth is seen in many countries as a weed and is responsible for many of the problems outlined earlier in this fact sheet, many individuals, groups and institutions have been able to turn the problem around and find useful applications for plant.

The agricultural fiber residue materials are the most used manufactured material in the world through a lot of water hyacinth plant but a little is used efficiently. One approach to reduce agricultural waste and add value to them is to produce a fiber composite like roof tiles. Roof tiles are a product developed to replace natural fiber by mixing agricultural residues materials containing fiber such as rice straw, kenaf, corn cob, rice husk and palm fruit bunch. With adhesives, waterproof adhesives or other materials.

          The water hyacinth plant and adhesive are also contributed to higher heating bills. The increased density of the roof tiles will result in parts that are mixed with adhesive. If the roof tiles has low density, it will cause more rooms and make low thermal conductivity. On the other hand, if the extrusion roof tiles has higher density, it will get high thermal conductivity, while the heat resistance is low. However, the thermal conductivity of each materials also depends on the structure of the materials, in particular, crystalline shape and the temperature during the extrusion. As a result, the thermal conductivity differs from one material to others. [1]. The surface of building materials which expose directly to the outside air temperature and the sun light will absorb heat radiation. It makes this area get higher temperature than other surface areas. As a result, it causes the temperature differences between the outside air and the exposed surface of the exterior building materials. Thermal energy from this area is also transferred to some surface adjacent to a lower temperature by the amount of heat transferred in each direction based on the thermal resistance and the mass of the building. Agricultural fiber residues used as raw materials in the roof tiles product are rice straw, corn cobs, bagasse, pulp, kenaf, palm fruit bunch, and oil plam fiber [2-3].

      This work is also aimed to investigate the influence of adhesive on roof tiles product from water hyacinth fiber. The roof tile containing different percentages 10%, 12%, and 14% of Urea-formaldehyde adhesive from the weight of the mixture        as shown in Table 1. It is then hot pressed and tested to determine physical, mechanical and thermal properties according to the industrial standard. Other factors are considered: temperature compression, the shape of roof tiles and distribution of moisture to roof tiles, heat transfer between sheets during compression, compression time, suitable compression and hardening before or after glueing of the adhesives.

Table 1 : The specimens sample in this study

Specimens  name	Adhesive : Fiber	Content (%)
A-1	Urea-formaldehyde	10
	Water hyacinth	90
A-2	Urea-formaldehyde	12
	Water hyacinth	88
A-3	Urea-formaldehyde	14
	Water hyacinth	86

Figure 1. Illustrate the specimen size of roof tiles

2. Material and Methods

2.1  Materials

       The water hyacinth fiber that using in this study

       The illustrate of specimen size using of roof tiles in this study is 11 x 22 x 1.5 cm³. as shown in Figure 1.

The experiment was performed using the 100 TON universal testing machine as shown in Figure 2. The factors are considered:

• Water hyacinth fiber were cut into small size and moisture content of 2 – 5% after adhesive additions.
• 10%, 12% and 14% of Urea-formaldehyde adhesive content with 1% emulsion wax and 2% hardener chloride were thoroughly combined and sprayed onto the water hyacinth fiber mixture (Specimens name: A-1,A-2 and A-3). The adhesive coated water hyacinth fibers was spread evenly in the mold.
• The temperature compression at 150 ⁰C, heat transfer between sheets during compression. The hot-pressed process under pressure of 180 kg/m². (12.41 bar), for 15 minutes.
• The shape of roof tiles, The weight of 533.7 grams and density of 600 kg/m³ were produced.
• The extrusion method is useful for the modelling and analysis of the problems which a response of interest is influenced by several variables and the objective is the optimization of yield. Which process of extrusion method follows in Figure

Figure 2.  The 100 TON universal testing machine   

                 Figure 3.  Process of extrusion method

2.2. Experimental procedure

The physical, mechanical and thermal properties were tested as follows. [4-5].

Physical properties testing: Density (D) was tested according to TIS 876-2547.

Mechanical properties testing: Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of roof tiles were according to TIS 535-2540.

Thermal properties testing: Thermal conductivity (K) was tested according to ASTM C 117- 2010.

And all the test was repeated on 3 specimens.

3. Results and Discussion

The presented laboratory results, the extrusion of roof tiles is according to the factors defined in all respects. Figure 3 shows the water hyacinth fiber residues deformation of roof tiles.

Figure 4. The deformation water hyacinth fiber of roof tiles

Table 2 :  The summarizes of the roof tile containing the adhesive

Fiber	Adhesive Content (%)	D (kg/m3)	MOR (MPa)	MOE (MPa)	K (W/m.K)
Water  hyacinth	10	112.19	1.01	130	0.024
	12	581.31	225.75	44,500.10	0.098
	14	822.09	389.43	70,000	0.039

    Table 2 summarizes the roof tile containing of 12% of Urea-formaldehyde adhesive from the weight of the mixture is best extrusion of roof tiles molded, with 10% being unable to be molded and 14% having too much density and strength. Due to the proportion obtained of 12% of the Urea-formaldehyde adhesive from the weight of the water hyacinth roof tile mixture, will absorb the adhesive better.

     The results suggested that the roof tile containing different percentages 12% of Urea-formaldehyde adhesive is suitable ratio. This may be because the adhesive can hold with the water hyacinth fiber better than 14% and 10% respectively. In addition the roof tiles properties are suitable for the requirements such as density, strength and thermal conductivity. It is also found that the properties of the roof tiles according to the testing standards specification.

Table 3 :  The results of roof tiles properties

Properties	Water hyacinth                 roof tiles (A-2)	Standard test
Density (D), kg/m3	581.31	800
Modulus of Rupture (MOR), MPa	225.75	270
Modulus of Elasticity (MOE),MPa	44,500.10	68,000
Thermal conductivity (K), W/m.K	0.098	0.013

 The results of properties were shown in Table 3. The physical, mechanical and thermal conductivity with water hyacinth fiber were investigated. It showed that the roof tiles of density do’nt pass the roof tiles specification. For the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) meet the requirements. However, Thermal conductivity (K) pass the standard. Anyhow, the roof tilles with increasing amount of water hyacinth fiber and adhesive have an issue of dissolving.

4. Conclusion

• The results are summarized as follows:
• The proportion obtained of 12% of the Urea-formaldehyde adhesive from the weight of the water hyacinth roof tile mixture, will absorb the adhesive
• Knowledge and technology, the roof tiles manufactured from water hyacinth fiber residues can raise the quality of life as an innovative product for commercial utilization.
• The potential further studies from the findings of this paper include the possibilities of using the roof tiles produced within the climatic characteristics and sustainability of the roof tiles produced [6].
• In the future, this is a roof tiles product to be benchmarked with industrial production process [7]. They are the economic analysis and the durability in exposing to sun light.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Faculty of Engineering, Ubon Ratchathani University for financial support.

1. R.H. Myers and D.C. Montgomery, Response Surface Methodology : Process and product optimization using designed experiments, Forth ed, John Wiley & Sons Press, 2016.
2. Yan Li, Yiu-Wing Mai and Lin Ye, “Sisal Fibre and its composites: a review of recent developments” Composites Science and Technology. 60, (2037-2055), 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00101-9
3. Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Quarded-Host-Plate Apparatus ASTM C177-10, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 2010.
4. A. Pasilo, U. Teeboonma, “Development of roofing tiles manufactured from agricultural residues”, 11st Conference on Energy Networkof Thailand (E-NETT): 1142-1148, Chonburi, Thailand, 2015.
5. A. Pasilo, U. Teeboonma, “Investigation of the properties of roofing tiles manufactured from agricultural residues” in 2016, International Conference on Advanced Material Science and Mechanical Engineering, (AMSME -E140): Central Station Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand, 2016.
6. Ahmad Al Yacouby, Mohd Faris Khamidi, Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin. and Syed Ahmad Farhan. “Study on roof tile’s colors in Malaysia for development of new anti-warming roof tiles with higher Solar Reflectance Index (SRI)”, Progress in ResearchGate, September, 2011. https://doi: 10.1109/NatPC.2011.6136358
7. Peter O. Akadiri, Ezekiel A. Chinyio and Paul O. Olomolaiye. “Design of A Sustainable Building: A Conceptual Framework for Implementing Sustainability in the Building Sector”, Buildings, ISSN 2075-5309, 2, (126-152), 2012. https://doi:10.3390/buildings2020126

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