Volume 4, Issue 3

Volume 4, Issue 3

Current Issue features key papers related to multidisciplinary domains involving complex system stemming from numerous disciplines; this is exactly how this journal differs from other interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary engineering journals. This issue contains 35 accepted papers in Telecommunication domain.

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Editorial
Editorial
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Front Cover

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # i–i, 2019
Editorial
1 Page, 38 KB Download PDF

Editorial Board

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # ii–ii, 2019
Editorial
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Editorial

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # iii–iii, 2019
Editorial
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Table of Contents

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # iv–vii, 2019
Articles
Open Access Article
9 Pages, 1,042 KB Download PDF

Detection the Places of the Heat Energy Leak on the Underground Thermal Pipelines Using the Computer System

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 01–09, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040301
Abstract:

The purpose of this paper is to improve the thermographic method for detection the places of heat energy losses on the urban underground thermal pipelines using the computer system. This goal was achieved by building a heat map of the surveyed heating main with data layering directly on a computer map of the area, which…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Interdisciplinary Applications of Computer Science (CSI))
Open Access Article
6 Pages, 712 KB Download PDF

Microstrip Patch Antenna for Ultra-Wideband Applications

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 10–15, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040302
Abstract:

A new microstrip patch antenna for ultra-wideband applications is presented in this paper. The design and performance of the antenna component are discussed. The propounded antenna is mounted on a compact FR-4 substrate having dimensions 20 x 30 x 1.6 mm3 with relative permittivity εr=4.3. The rectangular patch antenna is slotted with two types; rectangular…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Telecommunications (TEL))
Open Access Article
9 Pages, 929 KB Download PDF

Vowel Classification Based on Waveform Shapes

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 16–24, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040303
Abstract:

Vowel classification is an essential part of speech recognition. In classical studies, this problem is mostly handled by using spectral domain features. In this study, a novel approach is proposed for vowel classification based on the visual features of speech waveforms. In sound vocalizing, the position of certain organs of the human vocal system such…

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(This article belongs to Section Electronic Engineering (EEE))
Open Access Article
6 Pages, 678 KB Download PDF

An Immutable Algorithm Approach to Improve the Information Security of a Process for a Public Organization of Ecuador

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 25–30, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040304
Abstract:

Currently, information security is among the main characteristics that must be achieved within the security of private and public organizations worldwide. For this reason, globally recognized algorithms such as the AES, IDEA, RC5, DES, RSA are researched with the aim of identifying the most suitable and obtaining a greater degree of security and speed of…

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(This article belongs to Section Information Systems in Computer Science (CIS))
Open Access Article
7 Pages, 1,015 KB Download PDF

Resourceful Residual Energy Consumption in TDMA Scheduling for IoT-based Wireless Sensor Network

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 31–37, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040305
Abstract:

Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) gets more concern due to the robustness in the latest communication technology iteration such as big data, IoT and 5G. Such daily usage of these technologies includes smart home, smart farming, smart traffic control etc. Moreover, WSN becomes the best preference for mobile objects in data accumulating in a wild…

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(This article belongs to Section Interdisciplinary Applications of Computer Science (CSI))
Open Access Article
9 Pages, 1,189 KB Download PDF

Stress Level Classification Using Heart Rate Variability

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 38–46, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040306
Abstract:

The research programme reported in this paper is set within the framework of our research under the theme of ICT support for Active Healthy Ageing (AHA). This longitudinal empirical research is focused on the study of the impact on the management of cardio-vascular disease if supported by sustained health monitoring using wearable connected devices. One…

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(This article belongs to the SP6 (Special Issue on Recent Advances in Engineering Systems 2018-19) & Section Biomedical Engineering (EBI))
Open Access Article
6 Pages, 1,029 KB Download PDF

Walker Ergonomic Design for Visually Impaired Elderly

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 47–52, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040307
Abstract:

The study proposed a self-driven guidance walker through user-oriented integration design. The common two-wheel drive performs left and right turn. By reducing the weight of the walker body, the durability of the battery can be increased. Secondly, we use a foldable structure so that the walker can be conveniently stored in a small space. A…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Instruments & Instrumentation (IIN))
Open Access Article
5 Pages, 609 KB Download PDF

Flame Distribution and Attenuation in Narrow Channels Using Mathematical Software

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 53–57, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040308
Abstract:

The article of given research presents the mathematical and computer modeling of flame attenuation in narrow channels for different fire extinguishing and explosion suppression compositions. Such kind of flame distribution and attenuation could be considered for different media and channels but in this case it was considered for narrow channels. The effect on the combustion…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Energy & Fuels (ENF))
Open Access Article
5 Pages, 652 KB Download PDF

An Expanded Derivation of Suppressing Anisotropic Birefringence in a Rectangular Waveguide

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 58–62, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040309
Abstract:

Birefringence is a known property of anisotropic media where incidence of a single propagating wave on a biaxial boundary gives rise to what scientists refer to as an ordinary wave and extraordinary wave. This article explores the anisotropic electromagnetic theory that gives rise to the phenomenon of birefringence focusing on both ordinary and extraordinary plane…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Multidisciplinary Physics (PMU))
Open Access Article
6 Pages, 1,178 KB Download PDF

Novel Design of Multiband Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 63–68, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040310
Abstract:

This paper presents a novel six band frequency reconfigurable antenna for 2.4 GHz (Lower Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), 5.3 GHz (Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)) and 9.1-10.2 GHz (X-band) frequency bands. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 22mm_30mm at lower resonance of 4.2 GHz and is printed on FR4 material with…

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(This article belongs to the isaect-18 (Special Issue on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies 2019) & Section Telecommunications (TEL))
Open Access Article
6 Pages, 654 KB Download PDF

Multi-Step Iteration Algorithm of Total Asymptotically Quasi-Nonexpansive Maps

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 69–74, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040311
Abstract:

In Banach spaces an iteration algorithm for two finite families of total asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive maps is introduced. Weak and strong convergence theorems of this algorithm to approximation common fixed points are proved by using suitable conditions. As well as, numerical example by using Mat-lab is given.

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Mathematics (MAT))
Open Access Article
13 Pages, 1,786 KB Download PDF

Development of Smart Technology for Complex Objects Prediction and Control on the Basis of a Distributed Control System and an Artificial Immune Systems Approach

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 75–87, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040312
Abstract:

This paper is an extension of work originally presented in 2018 Global Smart Industry Conference (GloSIC). Researches are devoted to the development of Smart technology for complex objects control and prediction on the basis of a distributed Honeywell DCS control system of the TengizChevroil enterprise using the example of a technological process of medium pressure…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Artificial Intelligence in Computer Science (CAI))
Open Access Article
12 Pages, 863 KB Download PDF

Analysis of Fuzzy Data for the Selection of Ingredients of the Polymer Composition by Technical Functions in Quality Management

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 88–99, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040313
Abstract:

The task of fuzzy mathematical modeling of the composition of a polymer composition is singled out and formulated, as one of the types of chemical-technological systems for creating the theoretical foundations for managing the physicochemical properties of the material produced from this composition. Fuzzy data on the technical functions and concentration of individual ingredients that…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Polymer Science (PLS))
Open Access Article
6 Pages, 716 KB Download PDF

Multimedia Application Development With Islamic Critical Reflection Through 3-2-1 Technique for Novice Teacher Internship Program

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 100–105, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040314
Abstract:

The use of technology in the learning process has become the most significant point in helping teachers reaching the objectives of the learning. This study focuses on the use of multimedia by novice teachers in comprehending the internship program’s guidance. The Islamic Critical Reflection model is a new and innovative model in the field of…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Interdisciplinary Applications of Computer Science (CSI))
Open Access Article
11 Pages, 812 KB Download PDF

An Approach to Vulnerabilities, Threats and Risk in Voting Systems for Popular Elections in Latin America

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 106–116, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040315
Abstract:

The problems in information security regarding vulnerabilities, threats and risks in voting systems for popular election in Latin America and the world persist; because in most of the countries of the world there is no maturity in democracy and defined policies; the problems of confidentiality, integrity and authenticity in the electoral processes can be evidenced.…

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(This article belongs to Section Information Systems in Computer Science (CIS))
Open Access Article
9 Pages, 708 KB Download PDF

Cognitive Systems for Monitoring: Architectural View

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 117–125, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040316
Abstract:

The modern stage of information technology development is characterized by the acute need to use cognitive technologies for the solution of tasks of practice, in particular, in the sphere of real world objects monitoring and management. Practical usage of cognitive systems of monitoring is significantly limited to two factors now: operation at the level of…

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(This article belongs to Section Theory & Methods in Computer Science (CTM))
Open Access Article
12 Pages, 1,659 KB Download PDF

Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Using Digital Image Processing Through Iridology, An Alternative Method

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 126–137, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040317
Abstract:

Over the years, alternative medicine has carried out numerous systematic studies related to the ophthalmological field, specifically the eye. Studies that propose as support of analysis to the Iridology, which studies the alterations of the iris in correspondence with the organs of the human body. Thus, it presents the opportunity to investigate neuronal diseases related…

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(This article belongs to Section Interdisciplinary Applications of Computer Science (CSI))
Open Access Article
7 Pages, 788 KB Download PDF

A Comprehensive Review on the Feasibility and Challenges of Millimeter Wave in Emerging 5G Mobile Communication

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 138–144, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040318
Abstract:

This article presents a comprehensive review on the feasibility and challenges of millimeter wave in emerging fifth generation (5G) mobile communication. 5G, a multi-gigabit wireless network is the next generation wireless communication network. The mmWave cellular system which operates in the 30-300 GHz band has been proposed for use as the propagation channel. Its large…

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(This article belongs to Section Telecommunications (TEL))
Open Access Article
5 Pages, 774 KB Download PDF

Transfer Function Analysis of Fractional-Order Three-Dimensional Electrically Coupled Cell Network

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 145–149, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040319
Abstract:

In this paper, a novel method is proposed for the dynamic analysis of fractional- order three-dimensional electrically coupled cell network. In general, three- dimensional cell network is constructed by combining three one-dimensional circuit networks. Analysis method is based on the principles of the dynamic analysis with transfer function approximation. Although fractional-order three-dimensional circuit network model…

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(This article belongs to the SP6 (Special Issue on Recent Advances in Engineering Systems 2018-19) & Section Electrical Engineering (ELE))
Open Access Article
6 Pages, 856 KB Download PDF

Modeling of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Installation in Moroccan Ibn Tofail University

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 150–155, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040320
Abstract:

The main importance of solar photovoltaic energies research is to meet the many environmental demands of the energy challenge, to maximize power and to reduce the costs of photovoltaic (PV) systems to reply the energy needs of population. In the present research work, the first objective is to study the performance and the output energy…

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(This article belongs to the isaect-18 (Special Issue on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies 2019) & Section Electrical Engineering (ELE))
Open Access Article
8 Pages, 1,396 KB Download PDF

Linearity Improvement of VCSELs based Radio over Fiber Systems utilizing Digital Predistortion

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 156–163, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040321
Abstract:

The article proposes a Digital Predistortion (DPD) methodology that substantially meliorates the linearity of limited range Mobile Front Haul links for the extant Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and future (5G) networks. Specifically, the DPD is employed to Radio over Fiber links that contrive of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) working at 850 nm. Both, Memory…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Optics (OPT))
Open Access Article
7 Pages, 656 KB Download PDF

An Adaptive Fuzzy-Sliding Mode Controller for The Bridge Crane

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 164–170, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040322
Abstract:

This article presents a bridge crane nonlinear dynamic model in 2-dimensional space, and then given a novel adaptive fuzzy-sliding mode controller based on combining sliding mode control with fuzzy logic and Lyapunov function. Firstly, the article proposes an intermediate variable to link signal between two slide surfaces, related to trolley movement and payload swing. Then…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Automation & Control Systems (ACS))
Open Access Article
12 Pages, 17,549 KB Download PDF

An Efficient Automotive Paint Defect Detection System

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 171–182, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040323
Abstract:

Vision-based defect detection techniques are widely used for quality control purposes. In this work, an efficient deflectometry based detection system is developed for semi-specular/painted surface defect detection. This system consists of a robotic arm that carries a screen/camera setup and can detect defects on large surfaces with different topologies, such as a car bumper, by…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Robotics (ROB))
Open Access Article
7 Pages, 1,680 KB Download PDF

Quantitative Traffic Congestion Analysis Approach in Ahmedabad

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 183–189, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040324
Abstract:

This study is the extension of the previous study about “Traffic Service Quantitative Analysis Method under Developing Country” in 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI). In the previous study, it is introduced how to make quantitative calculation for traffic congestion by traffic parameters and its characteristics curve such as traffic…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Transportation Science & Technology (TST))
Open Access Article
4 Pages, 637 KB Download PDF

Photoluminescence Investigation of Inhomogeneous Porous P-type Si

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 190–193, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040325
Abstract:

Photoluminescence (PL) of inhomogeneous porous silicon (PS) of p-type is investigated in this contribution. We measured the PL signal at equidistant positions separated by 0.05 mm in area localized between original crystalline Si (c-Si) wafer surface and electrochemically prepared PS layer. Two PL peaks localized at energies 1.8 and 1.9 eV were identified and their…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Multidisciplinary Materials Science (MMU))
Open Access Article
4 Pages, 570 KB Download PDF

Digitization Impact Assessment Model for Secondary Schools: Case of Nairobi County in Kenya

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 194–197, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040326
Abstract:

Digitization is viewed as the capability to utilize digital technologies for generating processing, sharing and transacting information. Studies show that digitization has now become ubiquitous. In almost all the sectors, we routinely interact with digital technologies. As a result, the impact of digitization is being observed in such sectors. For instance, the positive impact of…

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(This article belongs to the SP6 (Special Issue on Recent Advances in Engineering Systems 2018-19) & Section Interdisciplinary Applications of Computer Science (CSI))
Open Access Article
9 Pages, 1,827 KB Download PDF

Indoor Positioning and Path Planning Platform for iRobot Create 2 Sweeping Robot

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 198–206, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040327
Abstract:

Many robots have been proposed for smart applications in recent years However, while these robots have good ability to move between fixed points separated by short distances, they perform less well when required to navigate complex interior spaces with an irregular layout and multiple obstacles due to their relatively crude positioning and path control capabilities.…

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(This article belongs to the SP6 (Special Issue on Recent Advances in Engineering Systems 2018-19) & Section Robotics (ROB))
Open Access Article
13 Pages, 1,696 KB Download PDF

Study of Performance of Bio- Inspired Strategies Applied to Pursuit Evasion Game Under Feedback Laws

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 207–219, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040328
Abstract:

Pursuit Evasion Game (PEG) is an abstract model of various significant problems that appear in both civil and military applications. Bio- Inspired strategies are found to be very useful in studying the PEG. While optimal response to the pursuit strategies are available using geometric control theory, it is shown in this paper that application of…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Automation & Control Systems (ACS))
Open Access Article
7 Pages, 1,654 KB Download PDF

Brain-inspired IoT Controlled Walking Robot – Big-Foot

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 220–226, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040329
Abstract:

This work presents the development of an original idea for a walking robot with a minimum number of motors, simple construction and a control system based on the brain bioelectrical activities. Described are geometric and kinematic dependencies related to the robot movement, as well as brain-inspired IoT control method. Various aspects are discussed for improving…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Biomedical Engineering (EBI))
Open Access Article
8 Pages, 1,531 KB Download PDF

Multi-Band Hand of God Antenna with Functionality Variation with Use of Slots and Feed Position

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 227–234, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040330
Abstract:

This article investigates different versions of a new multi-band micro-strip antenna design. NASA inspired the antenna design from “Hand of God” galaxy discovery. A multi-band operation between 0.15 and 8 [GHz] is obtained and captures up to 10 frequency bands. The antenna has a small area of 4 x 5 cm2 and is printed on…

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(This article belongs to the SP7 (Special Issue on Advancement in Engineering and Computer Science 2019) & Section Telecommunications (TEL))
Open Access Article
9 Pages, 1,635 KB Download PDF

Energy Consumption Evaluation of Air Cooled Chiller With Cold Storage System Powered by Photovoltaic Modules

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 235–243, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040331
Abstract:

Renewable energy becomes an appealing technology used in many applications in our life. Environmentally, it reduces CO2 emissions and enhances the sustainability of the system. This paper study the benefits of using a photovoltaic system with a thermal storage tank to power air-cooled chiller, in two different scenarios. The simulation methodology is adopted in this…

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(This article belongs to Section Mechanical Engineering (EMH))
Open Access Article
7 Pages, 977 KB Download PDF

Sentiment Analysis on Twitter for Predicting Stock Exchange Movement

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 244–250, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040332
Abstract:

This paper is proposed to build a model by applying two methods, namely support vector machine and nonnegative matrix factorization in the process of predicting stock market movement using twitter and historical data. The stock exchange is based on the LQ 45 stock with period from August 2018 – January 2019. The features consist of…

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(This article belongs to Section Cybernetics in Computer Science (CCY))
Open Access Article
9 Pages, 1,122 KB Download PDF

Proposal of Ledger Technology to Apply to a Public Organization in Ecuador

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 251–259, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040333
Abstract:

Ledger technology has now changed financial systems around the world, applying this technology to the improvement of the public sector, mainly to the debt collection system, we improve the speed of payment and its immediate registration, we make use of the advantages of Ledger technology with respect to reliability, security and speed. The objective is…

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(This article belongs to Section Information Systems in Computer Science (CIS))
Open Access Article
18 Pages, 2,130 KB Download PDF

A Support Vector Machine Cost Function in Simulated Annealing for Network Intrusion Detection

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 260–277, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040334
Abstract:

This paper proposes a computationally intelligent algorithm for extracting relevant features from a training set. An optimal subset of features is extracted from training examples of network intrusion datasets. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is used as the cost function within the thermal equilibrium loop of the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm. The proposed fusion…

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(This article belongs to Section Artificial Intelligence in Computer Science (CAI))
Open Access Article
9 Pages, 1,482 KB Download PDF

Factors Influencing the Integration of Freight Distribution Networks in the Indonesian Archipelago: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Page # 278–286, 2019; DOI: 10.25046/aj040335
Abstract:

The main problem of the distribution of freight in archipelago countries such as Indonesia is how to ensure that the outlying and outermost islands are served optimally, with low freight costs and optimal frequency of vessel stops at ports. There are three types of vessels that are subsidized and have the duty of public service…

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(This article belongs to Section Transportation Science & Technology (TST))

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