1. Introduction

Smart grid is the advanced power and energy system that has been transformed from unidirectional power flow to bidirectional power flow. Moreover, it is employed with information communication technology among its entities for electricity supply to the consumers with reinforced control and efficiency [1, 2, 3, 4]. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is an critical building block of smart grid as it builds communication bridge between metering data management service (MDMS) and consumer meters for consumption data transfer utilizing wireless networks [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. The prominent communication standards for AMI are Zigbee, and WiFi, that use public frequency bands

e.g. 5 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 900 MHz [10]. Since unlicensed/public frequency bands will be shared, smart meters may need to coexist along with atypical techniques e.g. ZigBee and LTE in the same bands.

LTE is the long range broadband communication for exchanging voice and data [1, 11]. For the advancement of requirement, LTE requires to accommodate machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in addition to voice communication. Moreover, to satisfy the exponential increase of throughput requirement in LTE, spectrum shortage is a critical obstacle. In this regard, spectrum sharing among different wireless technologies could be a promising solution. However, this sharing approach has its own implementation hurdles. Additionally, public (license free) spectrum can be used in conjunction with licensed spectrum. In this regard, 3GPP working group is studying on the license assisted access (LAA) of LTE in the free bands [12].

WiFi is a prominent short range communication protocol which utilizes a distributed coordination function (DCF). Its channel access mechanism performs four-way handshaking and carrier sensing [13]. The WiFi DCF mode utilizes clear channel assessment

(CCA) technique for the packet transmission. The CCA includes energy detection and carrier sensing mechanism to detect the state of channel- whether it is in operation or not. WiFi node will cease transmission attempt for a random time period if the interference level crosses CCA threshold. This back-off method avoids packet collision that may happen due to coexisted LTE network transmission.

In contrast, the LTE technology is comparatively flexible and systematic. LTE utilities dynamic scheduling for its users. The main obstacle for coexisting WiFi and LTE system in the identical band is the data transmission technique. WiFi uses CSMA/CA protocol for the transmission of OFDM. On the other hand, LTE uses the dynamic scheduling in OFDM access through which data is transmitted to several UEs simultaneously at low rate with proper time and frequency allotment [14]. LTE reserves channels to make transmission simultaneously. On the other hand, WiFi implements carrier sensing before the packet transmission. Therefore, LTE transmission will block the WiFi transmission most likely in the coexistence scenario.

Recently, 3.5 GHz band (also known as citizen broadband radio service (CBRS)) has been released for public use, which is to be shared [15, 16]. According to the guideline, the users can be classified into three classes: first tier users, second tier users, and third tier (general) users. In general, third tier/general users access the CBRS spectrum, giving priority to the first and second tier users. In several cases, third/general users can use full 150 MHz of bandwidth in the absence of first and second tier users’ activity [17]. At the worst case scenario, 80 MHz spectrum will always be available for third tier/general users when second tier users are active and operated outside of first tier users’ zones. This large amount of spectrum can provide clean channels for various wireless communication applications such as smart grid metering data communication [18, 19, 20, 21]. WiFi and LTE use the CBRS band as the potential general (third tier) users in our study.

In this study, we expand our previous work in [22], which introduces a AMI architecture based on WiFi and LTE coexistence. In the architecture, WiFi is used in smart meters for transferring data to Access point (AP). After collecting data from a group of meters, AP transfers the data to MDMS utilizing the LTE. In our framework, we consider an integrated LTE-WiFi system where LTE BS and WiFi APs are connected through IP layer. Following this, we investigate the performance of LTE-WiFi coexistence in the CBRS band considering both conventional personal mobile communication and AMI communication. For system level simulation, a time division duplexing (TDD)-LTE and WiFi are considered in a seven cell hexagonal layout. LTE uses a fixed duty cycle of a transmission period for its transmission, and WiFi transmits in the remaining period, in contrast. The simulation performance exhibits a harmonious coexistence relationship between WiFi and LTE. Since CRBS posses a huge chunk of free and clean spectrum, AMI based on LTE-WiFi coexistence operating in CBRS can be a potential communication resolution for smart grid. The contributions of our work is as follows:

• We introduce a smart grid metering infrastructure based on fixed duty cycled LTE and WiFi for the first time, where LTE and WiFi shares the same spectrum band.
• Our proposed spectrum sharing method ensures good neighborhood spectrum sharing with an option of adjusting duty of LTE transmission. 3) Our spectrum sharing technique enhances the spectral efficiency significantly.

4) We propose the usage of recently release CRBS band for metering infrastructure which can provide large amount of free and clean spectrum.

The subsequent sections are arranged as follows.

The literature review on LTE-WiFi coexistence and

AMI communication is discussed in Section II. The coexisted system model of LTE-WiFi coexistence in 3.5 GHz band is illustrated in Section III. Deployment scenario and performance results are illustrated in Section IV. Lastly, Section V summarizes the whole work. Some of the acronyms used in this paper are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: List of Acronyms.

2. Literature Review

The variants of LTE working in the public/free bands can be categorized into two groups: (1) LTE-U and (2) LTE-LAA [23]. LTE-U was developed by industry consortium [24]. It uses simple mechanism and excludes modification in the air interface structure of LTE system. It is founded on the LTE release 10-12 aggregation protocol and does not embrace LBT [25]. On the other hand, LTE-LAA is based on 3rd Generation

Figure 1: Architecture of smart grid metering infrastructure using LTE and WiFi on a collocated cell layout.

In the literature, mainly three techniques have been proposed for coexistence between WiFi and LTEU/LAA. They are- 1) listen before talk (LBT); 2) transmission gap; 3) dynamic channel selection. In [28], least congested channel search and adaptation of channel bandwidth are proposed for LTE^[1]. Qualcomm proposed an interference level based effective channel selection technique in [29]. If the interference at the operating channel crosses the threshold value, LTE alters the channel with interference measurement before and during operation at both the network and equipment side. In Japan and Europe, LBT is compulsory for data transmission in the unlicensed band. The LBT techniques can be divided into two groups- frame based equipment (FBE) and load based equipment (LBE). In FBE based LBT, a fixed slot of frame is reserved for transmission where CCA is performed [30, 31]. If the channel is empty, the transmission is attempted. Otherwise, it will wait for the next frame. On the other hand, LBE based LBT is demand driven and the user equipment finds a clear channel for transmission [32, 33]. It performs extended CCA (ECCA) for clear channel access. Carrier aggression from licensed to public band is introduced in [34] using clear-to-send (CTS) and request-to-send (RTS) together with LBT. In [35], a technique of blank subframe allocation is introduced in LTE subframe, in which WiFi transmits. In [36], a identical approach is proposed, where n out of 5 sub-frames of LTE is reserved for the transmission of WiFi.Partnership (3GPP) Release 13, which aims to develop a single global framework [26, 27].

In [13], the coexistence performance of hot-spot indoor scenario is explored using a semi-static system level simulator. The study found that WiFi’s performance deteriorated more significantly than the performance of LTE when operated in the same band. In [37], the similar result has been found for coexistence system of ZigBee and LTE, where the performance of ZigBee is affected more compared to that of LTE. [38] explored the usage of different communication networks and recommended to use LTE for low density scenarios (i.e. rural regions) and WiFi for high density scenarios (i.e. urban regions). Meter data communication using the hybrid WiFi/LTE configuration is introduced in [39], where LTE is kept on the upper layer and WiFi in the bottom layer. However, LTE and WiFi uses different spectrum bands in this architecture and there is no spectrum sharing aspect in this study.

In our study, we introduce a fixed duty cycle based coexistence for AMI of smart grid, where LTE and WiFi shares the same spectrum band. Additionally, we consider an integrated LTE-WiFi system where LTE BS and WiFi APs are connected through IP layer. WiFi is used for meter-to-meter and meter-to-AP data communication. On the other hand, AP uses LTE to transfer data to MDMS. The duty of LTE transmission can be adjusted based on the data amount.

3. System Architecture

Let us assume, a coexisted network architecture consists of WiFi and LTE (LAA/LTE-U) operating in CBRS, as shown in the Fig. 1. Smart meters utilize WiFi and APs utilitie LTE for data transfer, in contrast. In addition, LTE BS and WiFi AP are attached together in the collocated environment. WiFi APs collect smart meters’ data and forward them to the interconnected LTE BS. Afterwards, LTE BSs transfer data to MDMS through long range communication. Fig. 2 illustrates the protocol mapping of different components of LTE network and WiFi system. The PHY layers of WiFi AP and smart meters are connected together through wireless channel. Additionally, the IP layers of LTE BS and WiFi AP are integrated together in our proposed configuration. The data exchange among enhanced packet core (EPC), LTE BS, and MDMS are carried out according to standard LTE system [1].

We assume, the sets of LTE BS, WiFi STAs (i.e. smart meter), WiFi APs (i.e. collector of data from meters), and LTE UE (i.e. MDMS and other UEs)

are marked as S_l, U_wⁱ , S_w, and U_l^j, respectively. Besides, LTE BS j, LTE UE/MDMS m, WiFi AP i, and meter/WiFi STA l transmission power are denoted by j m, pri , and prl .

pr, pr

The channel gain values from LTE UE a to WiFi AP j, from WiFi STA/meter x to WiFi AP j, from LTE BS b(i , b) to WiFi j and, from LTE BS i to WiFi AP j are haj,r, hxj,r, hbj,r, and hij,r respectively.

During the data reception, the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of WiFi AP j from meter/WiFi STA x at the r the resource block [40] is

where σ² is the noise variance. A low SINR results poor throughput whereas high SINR ensures good throughput.

The received bit N_B^x at WiFi AP j from WiFi STA x [40] is given by

where B and T (T=^Pr) are the bandwidth and transmission time, respectively. The received bit number is dependent on the SINR value.

The throughput of WiFi STA/meter x during the up link (UL) can be expressed [40] as

where T_wait and T_tx represent the wait time and transmission time of WiFi, respectively.

For down-link capacity calculation, similar equations: (1)-(3) are applicable.

The arrival rate of traffic for both WiFi and LTE is λ. The function relating delay of incoming packets

4. Deployment Scenario and Simulation Results

As illustrated in Fig. 1, a coexisted network layout of 7 cells is considered to investigate the system performance. A Matlab simulator founded on 3GPP standard was used for simulation similar to [13, 41]. For each integrated WiFi AP and LTE BS, 10 LTE UEs and 10 smart meters (WiFi STAs) are dropped randomly in each cell. One of the 10 LTE UEs is used as the MDMS. For both WiFi and LTE, the data arrival rate is kept same as λ_WiFi = λ_LTE = 2.5 packets/second. The PHY and MAC layer of IEEE 802.11n and LTE are enforced in the simulation scenario. Single UE is scheduled for DL/UL during a transmission time interval (TTI) and the corresponding SINR is sent to the BS. During one subframe of transmission, bandwidth is divided among all UEs based on request and waiting LTE UEs. TABLE 2 summarizes the simulation parameter for LTE, where values were chosen according to 3GPP LTE standard [12].

Enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) and advanced clear channel assessment (CCA) have been enforced for WiFi channel access mechanism i.e. CSMA/CA. After receiving a beacon signal, all WiFi STAs (i.e. meters) with traffic will be in competition for accessing channel. Data transmission or reception will be at postponed without receiving a beacon signal. Table 2: PHY and MAC Layer Parameters for LTE.

Figure 2: Protocol mapping among various entities of LTE and WiFi system.

The WiFi STA will sense for a free channel before any kind of transmission. Transmission will take place only if the channel is in idle, otherwise it will back off. After a randomly chosen back off time, next transmission will be attempted. TABLE 3 summarizes the WiFi simulation parameter used in the simulation [13, 18, 42].

The abstract of PHY layer is used for calculating Shannon capacity of LTE and WiFi at the 4µs granularity of WiFi OFDM symbol period. FTP traffic model-2 is applied for both LTE and WiFi traffic [43]. In this study, duty cycles- 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of 50 ms time period are utilized for LTE transmission and the rest of 50 ms, i.e. 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% are used for WiFi transmission, respectively. The data rate performance of coexisting WiFi and LTE system is presented in Table 4. For 20% duty cycle, the LTE throughput is

10.3 Mbps and the throughput of WiFi is 155.2 Mpbs. Table 3: PHY and MAC Layer Parameters for WiFi.

For 40% duty cycle of LTE, the throughput of LTE and WiFi are 18.8 Mbps and 111.78 Mbps, respectively. For 60% duty cycle of LTE, the throughput of LTE and WiFi are 36.3 Mbps and 36.1 Mpbs, respectively. The throughput of LTE is boosted to 38.6 Mbps after increasing the duty cycle of LTE to 80%. However, WiFi capacity is reduced to 31.2 Mbps. Therefore, for increment of LTE transmission duty cycle, the LTE capacity is improved and WiFi is degraded drastically. The reason behind the WiFi throughput degradation is the increased transmission back off on the extended period of LTE transmission.

The energy efficiency (EE) performance of coexisted systems is demonstrated in Table 5. It is noted that the EE of LTE is improved with the increment of duty cycle of LTE. The EEs of LTE at 20% and 80% duty cycle are 3.32×10⁸ bits/joule and 1.245×10⁹ bits/joule, respectively. On the other hand, the EE of WiFi is degraded with the increase of LTE duty cycle. The EEs of WiFi at 20% and 80% duty cycle of LTE are 7.76×10⁸ bits/joule and 1.56×10⁸ bits/joule, respectively. More significantly, the overall EE of the coexisted system continues to improve with the increment of LTE transmission duty cycle. The overall EE is boosted from 1.008×10⁹ bits/joule to 1.401×10⁹ bits/joule. This reflects a good neighborhood relationship between LTE and WiFi regardless of degradation of overall throughput of the coexisted system.

The SINR distribution of coexisting LTE and WiFi system is illustrated in Fig. 3. For 20% and 40% duty cycle of LTE transmission, WiFi has better SINR distribution over LTE system. This is reflected in Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b). For the increment of LTE duty cycle to 60% and 80%, the SINR of LTE system improves while the SINR of WiFi degrades consequently. This is demonstrated in Fig. 3(c) and Fig. 3(d), respectively.

In urban or suburban areas, large number of smart meters will use WiFi for sending consumption data to AP, and later the collected data will be sent to MDMS using LTE. Therefore, more opportunity of accessing channel by WiFi is desirable in this case. In this regard, 20% and 40% duty cycle of LTE transmission can be prudent choice for AMI infrastructure. On the other

Table 4: Capacity of the coexisted LTE-WiFi system

Table 5: Energy efficiency performance of coexisted LTE-WiFi system

Figure 3: SINR distribution of coexisted LTE-WiFi system (a) SINR distribution at 20% duty cycle (b) SINR distribution at 40% duty cycle (c) SINR distribution at 60% duty cycle (d) SINR distribution at 80% duty cycle hand, in the rural areas, scattered and limited number of meters will use WiFi. Therefore, in this case, more access can be given to LTE by selecting higher duty cycles such as 60% and 80%.

5. Conclusion

In this study, a collocated WiFi and LTE based advance metering infrastructure is proposed for smart grid. For meter-to-meter data communication, WiFi is proposed. On the other hand, for sending collected data from a group of meters to MDMS, LTE is proposed. A fixed duty cycle of a transmission time is reserved for LTE and the rest of the period is given to WiFi system. The simulation performance shows a harmonious neighborhood spectrum sharing between LTE and WiFi. With the increase of LTE duty cycle, the throughput, energy efficiency and SINR of LTE are improved along with degradation of those of WiFi.

The transmission duty cycle of LTE is adjustable based on the amount of data and number of smart meters. In particular, lower duty cycle of LTE transmission can be selected for urban and suburban areas where the density of smart meters are high and meters need more access to WiFi. On the other hand, higher duty of LTE transmission can be selected for rural areas where the density of smart meter is low. The CBRS band has a big amount of free, underutilized, and clean spectrum for wireless network. So, network consists of coexisting LTE and WiFi in CBRS band can be a viable communication solution for the metering infrastructure of smart grid.

Acknowledgment

The work is a outcome of the research supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under the grant CPS-1446570 and CAREER1553494.

[1] Unless and otherwise specified, LTE will be considered as LTE-U or LTE-LAA throughout this study.

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9. Mikhail Lavrentiev, Dmitry Kuzakov, Andrey Marchuk, "Optimizing Sensors Locations for Tsunami Warning System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 256–261, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070629
10. Mikhail Lavrentiev, Andrey Marchuk, Konstantin Oblaukhov, Mikhail Shadrin, "Natural Tsunami Wave Amplitude Reduction by Straits – Seto Inland Sea", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 161–166, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070616
11. Marzouk Hassan, Abdelmajid Badri, Aicha Sahel, "A Self-Adaptive Routing Algorithm for Real-Time Video Transmission in VANETs", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 91–101, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070512
12. Gulshan Sharma, "Frequency Oscillation Suppression of Interlinked Solar PV-Thermal Power System using HVDC Link", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 73–78, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070510
13. Neni Hermita, Rian Vebrianto, Zetra Hainul Putra, Jesi Alexander Alim, Tommy Tanu Wijaya, Urip Sulistiyo, "Effectiveness of Gamified Instructional Media to Improve Critical and Creative Thinking Skills in Science Class", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 44–50, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070305
14. Khosro Salmani, Ken Barker, "Leakage-abuse Attacks Against Forward Private Searchable Symmetric Encryption", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 156–170, 2022. doi: 10.25046/aj070216
15. Arakelyan Edik, Kosoy Anatoliy, Andryushin Alexander, Mezin Sergey, Yagupova Yulia, Leonov Maxim, Pashchenko Fedor, "Problems of Increasing the Intelligence of Algorithms for Optimal Distribution of the Current Load on the Combined Heat and Power Plant and Ways to Solve Them", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 369–374, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060542
16. Marko Suvajdzic, Dragana Stojanovic, "Discover DaVinci: Blockchain, Art and New Ways of Digital Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 273–278, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060530
17. Osaretin Eboya, Julia Binti Juremi, "iDRP Framework: An Intelligent Malware Exploration Framework for Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 185–202, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060521
18. Wided Hechkel, Brahim Maaref, Néjib Hassen, "Coupled Apodization Functions Applied to Enhance Image Quality in Ultrasound Imaging using Phased Arrays", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 149–157, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060517
19. Christoph Rüeger, Jean Dobrowolski, Petr Korba, Felix Rafael Segundo Sevilla, "Analysis of Grid Events Influenced by Different Levels of Renewable Integration on Extra-large Power Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 43–52, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060506
20. Randy Kuang, Dafu Lou, Alex He, Alexandre Conlon, "Quantum Secure Lightweight Cryptography with Quantum Permutation Pad", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 401–405, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060445
21. Anas Laassiri, Abdelfettah Sedqui, "Segmentation of Stocks: Dynamic Dimensioning and Space Allocation, using an Algorithm based on Consumption Policy, Case Study", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 306–319, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060434
22. Gustavo Alonso Chica Pedraza, Eduardo Alirio Mojica Nava, Ernesto Cadena Muñoz, "Boltzmann-Based Distributed Control Method: An Evolutionary Approach using Neighboring Population Constraints", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 196–211, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060424
23. Wilawan Inchamnan, Jiraporn Chomsuan, "The Gamification Design for Affordances Pedagogy", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 138–146, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060416
24. Ali Almutawa, "Effect of Smooth Transition and Hybrid Reality on Virtual Realism: A Case of Virtual Art Gallery", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 231–240, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060325
25. Svetlana Segarceanu, George Suciu, Inge Gavăt, "Environmental Acoustics Modelling Techniques for Forest Monitoring", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 15–26, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060303
26. Ahmad AA Alkhatib, Abeer Alsabbagh, Randa Maraqa, Shadi Alzubi, "Load Balancing Techniques in Cloud Computing: Extensive Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 860–870, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060299
27. Kittipong Nuanyai, Soamsiri Chantaraskul, "Actual Traffic Based Load-Aware Dynamic Point Selection for LTE-Advanced System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 776–783, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060289
28. Asep Herry Hernawan, Deni Darmawan, Asyifa Imanda Septiana, Idriyani Rachman, Yayoi Kodama, "Developing Kamishibai and Hologram Multimedia for Environmental Education at Elementary School", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 656–664, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060276
29. Marion Olubunmi Adebiyi, Oludayo Olufolorunsho Olugbara, "Homology Modeling of CYP6Z3 Protein of Anopheles Mosquito", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 580–585, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060266
30. Khalil Ibrahim Mohammad Abuzanouneh, Khalil Hamdi Ateyeh Al-Shqeerat, "Development and Improvement of Web Services Selections using Immigrants Scheme of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 412–422, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060248
31. Kgabo Mokgohloa, Grace Kanakana-Katumba, Rendani Maladzhi, Sbusiso Xaba, "A Grounded Theory Approach to Digital Transformation in the Postal Sector in Southern Africa", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 313–323, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060236
32. Zeinab Fneish, Hussam Ayad, Moncef Kadi, Jalal Jomaa, Ghaleb Faour, "Curved Pyramidal Metamaterial Absorber: From Theory to an Ultra-Broadband Application in the [0.3 – 30] GHz Frequency Band", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 29–35, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060204
33. Inna Valieva, Iurii Voitenko, Mats Björkman, Johan Åkerberg, Mikael Ekström, "Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms Comparison for Modulation Type Classification Based on Instantaneous Values of the Time Domain Signal and Time Series Statistics Derived from Wavelet Transform", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 658–671, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060172
34. Diena Rauda Ramdania, Dian Sa’adillah Maylawati, Yana Aditia Gerhana, Novian Anggis Suwastika, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani, "Octalysis Audit to Analyze gamification on Kahoot!", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 457–463, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060149
35. Maroa Semakula, Freddie Inambao, "Waste To Energy Feedstock Sources for the Production of Biodiesel as Fuel Energy in Diesel Engine – A Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 409–446, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060147
36. Carol Dineo Diale, Mukondeleli Grace Kanakana-Katumba, Rendani Wilson Maladzhi, "Environmental Entrepreneurship as an Innovation Catalyst for Social Change: A Systematic Review as a Basis for Future Research", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 393–400, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060145
37. Dionisius Saviordo Thenuardi, Benfano Soewito, "Indoor Positioning System using WKNN and LSTM Combined via Ensemble Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 242–249, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060127
38. Pham Hong Thinh, Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Ngoc Quang, Pham Ngoc Nam, Truong Cong Thang, Nguyen Viet Hung, Truong Thu Huong, "QoE-aware Bandwidth Allocation for Multiple Video Streaming Players over HTTP and SDN", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 184–199, 2021. doi: 10.25046/aj060121
39. Meyliana, Yakob Utama Chandra, Cadelina Cassandra, Surjandy, Erick Fernando, Henry Antonius Eka Widjaja, Harjanto Prabowo, "Education Value Chain Model for Examination, Grading, and Evaluation Process in Higher Education based on Blockchain Technology", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1698–1703, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506202
40. Nesma N. Gomaa, Khaled Y. Youssef, Mohamed Abouelatta, "On Design of IoT-based Power Quality Oriented Grids for Industrial Sector", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1634–1642, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506194
41. Abubakar Umar, Zhanqun Shi, Lin Zheng, Alhadi Khlil, Zulfiqar Ibrahim Bibi Farouk, "Parameter Estimation for Industrial Robot Manipulators Using an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm with Gaussian Mutation and Archived Elite Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1436–1457, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506174
42. Hesham Aly El Zouka, Mustafa Mohamed Hosni, "Time Granularity-based Privacy Protection for Cloud Metering Systems", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1278–1285, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506152
43. Nu’man Amri Maliky, Nanda Pratama Putra, Mochamad Teguh Subarkah, Syarif Hidayat, "Prediction of Vessel Dynamic Model Parameters using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 926–936, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0506110
44. Mohammed Hadwan, Rehan Uallah Khan, Khalil Ibrahim Mohammad Abuzanouneh, "Towards a Smart Campus for Qassim University: An Investigation of Indoor Navigation System", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 831–837, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050699
45. Radouane Ourhdir, Mohammed Rachidi, "An Adaptive Nonlinear Sensorless Controller of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Driven By Wind Turbine", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 489–496, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050658
46. Wen-Fei Hsieh, Henry Lin, Vincent Chen, Irene Ou, Yung-Song Lou, "The Probe Mark Discoloration on Bond Pad and Wafer Storage", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 416–422, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050650
47. Sergey Alekseevich Serebryansky, Alexander Vladimirovich Barabanov, "To the Question of Multi-Criteria Optimization of Aircraft Components in Order to Optimize its Life Cycle", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 408–415, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050649
48. Rosa Perez-Siguas, Hernan Matta-Solis, Eduardo Matta-Solis, Melissa Yauri-Machaca, Anika Remuzgo-Artezano, Lourdes Matta-Zamudio, "Level of Resilience and Family Functionality in Adolescents of two Educational Institutions of a Vulnerable Area in Lima Province", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 403–407, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050648
49. Hernan Matta-Solis, Rosa Perez-Siguas, Eduardo Matta-Solis, Melissa Yauri-Machaca, "Total Family Risk in Families who go to Popular Dining Rooms in a Vulnerable Area of Collique, Comas", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 960–965, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505117
50. Yanfi Yanfi, Yogi Udjaja, Azani Cempaka Sari, "User’s Demographic Characteristic on the Evaluation of Gamification Interactive Typing for Primary School Visually Impaired with System Usability Scale", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 876–881, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505107
51. Yanfi Yanfi, Yogi Udjaja, Adrian Victor Juandi, "The Effect of User Experience from Teksologi", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 847–851, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj0505103
52. Huber Nieto-Chaupis, "Semiclassical Theory for Bacteria Motility Under External Electric Fields and Interactions with Nanodevices", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 376–381, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050547
53. Ramadhani Yanidar, Djoko Mulyo Hartono, Setyo Sarwanto Moersidik, "Water Availability for a Self-Sufficient Water Supply: A Case Study of the Pesanggrahan River, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 348–355, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050543
54. Mbika Muteba, "Transient Analysis of a Line-Start Synchronous Reluctance Motor with Symmetrical Distributed Brass Rotor Bars", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 94–102, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050513
55. Pham Minh Nam, Phu Tran Tin, "Analysis of Security-Reliability Trade-off for Multi-hop Cognitive Relaying Protocol with TAS/SC Technique", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 54–62, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050508
56. Ritesh Ajoodha, Benjamin Rosman, "Learning the Influence between Partially Observable Processes using Scorebased Structure Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 16–23, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050503
57. Wei Zhong Feng, Yu-Che Huang, Fang-Lin Chao, "Design of Aerial Panoramic Photography: Contrast between Industrialized and Natural Zones", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 849–856, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050499
58. Kanjanapan Sukvichai, Kan Yajai, "Design of a Flapping Wings Butterfly Robot based on Aerodynamics Force", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 667–675, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050480
59. Anton Kuzmin, "Short-Term Dynamic Exchange Rate Model: IFEER Concept Development", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 463–468, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050455
60. Yogi Udjaja, "Entertainment Technology: Dynamic Game Production", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 203–206, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050425
61. Olayan Alharbi, "Industry 4.0 Operators: Core Knowledge and Skills", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 177–183, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050421
62. Anoop Sasidharan Pillai, Venkata Ramana Murthy Oruganti, "Modelling and Simulation of Aerodynamic Parameters of an Airship", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 167–176, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050420
63. Kanishk Rai, Keshav Kumar Thakur, Preethi K Mane, Narayan Panigrahi, "Design of an EEG Acquisition System for Embedded Edge Computing", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 119–129, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050416
64. Alexi Delgado, Enrique Lee Huamaní, Elizabeth Jenny Cortez-De La Peña, "A Mobile Application Design to Prevent Criminal Acts in Lima, Peru", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 40–46, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050406
65. Juthaphorn Sinsomboonthong, Moustafa Omar Ahmed Abu-Shawiesh, Bhuiyan Mohammad Golam Kibria, "Performance of Robust Confidence Intervals for Estimating Population Mean Under Both Non-Normality and in Presence of Outliers", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 442–449, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050355
66. Za’aba Bin Abdul Rahim, Giuseppe Timperio, Robert de Souza, Linda William, "Enhancing Decision Making Capabilities in Humanitarian Logistics by Integrating Serious Gaming and Computer Modelling", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 402–410, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050351
67. Vuong Dang Quoc, Quang Nguyen Duc, "A Perturbation Finite Element Approach for Correcting Inaccuracies on Thin Shell Models with the Magnetic Field Formulation", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 166–170, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050322
68. Quoc Thai Pham, Ba Chien Thai, "HDR Image Tone Mapping Approach Using Multiresolution and Piecewise Linear Perceptual Quantization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 606–613, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050276
69. Hasung Kang, Gede Putra Kusuma, "The Effectiveness of Personality-Based Gamification Model for Foreign Vocabulary Online Learning", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 261–271, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050234
70. Wiem Zemzem, Ines Hosni, "A New Distributed Reinforcement Learning Approach for Multiagent Cooperation Using Team-mate Modeling and Joint Action Generalization", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 01–12, 2020. doi: 10.25046/aj050201
71. Elfadil Abdalla Mohameds, Nazar Zakis, Mohammad Marjans, "Current Trends and Challenges in Link Prediction Methods in Dynamic Social Networks: A Literature Review", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 244–254, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040631
72. Jalal Benallal, Lekbir Cherif, Mohamed Chentouf, Mohammed Darmi, Rachid Elgouri, Nabil Hmina, "A New Wire Optimization Approach for Power Reduction in Advanced Technology Nodes", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 140–146, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040617
73. Mikhail Lavrentiev, Dmitry Kuzakov, Andrey Marchuk, "Fast Determination of Tsunami Source Parameters", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 61–66, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040608
74. Rahardhita Widyatra Sudibyo, Nobuo Funabiki, Minoru Kuribayashi, Kwenga Ismael Munene, Md. Manowarul Islam, Wen-Chung Kao, "A Proposal of TCP Fairness Control Method for Two-Host Concurrent Communications in Elastic WLAN System Using Raspberry Pi Access-Point", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 10–18, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040602
75. Aulia Rahmawati, Emil Robert Kaburuan, Anditya Arifianto, Nahda Kurnia Juniati, "CISELexia: Computer-Based Method for Improving Self-Awareness in Children with Dyslexia", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 258–267, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040532
76. Samruan Wiangsamut, Phatthanaphong Chomphuwiset, Suchart Khummanee, "Chatting with Plants (Orchids) in Automated Smart Farming using IoT, Fuzzy Logic and Chatbot", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 163–173, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040522
77. Phoebe Lim Ching, Jose Edgar Mutuc, John Anthony Jose, "Assessment of the Quality and Sustainability Implications of FIFO and LIFO Inventory Policies through System Dynamics", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 69–81, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040509
78. Anh Nguyen Tuan, Binh Hoang Thang, "Research on Dynamic Vehicle Model Equipped Active Stabilizer Bar", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 271–275, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040434
79. Anton Kuzmin, "Exchange Rate Modeling: Medium-Term Equilibrium Dynamics", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 251–255, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040431
80. Anna Tatsiopoulou, Christos Tatsiopoulos, Basillis Boutsinas, "Providing Underlying Process Mining in Gamified Applications – An Intelligent Knowledge Tool for Analyzing Game Player’s Actions", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 212–220, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040426
81. Sutrisno, Widowati, R. Heru Tjahjana, Sunarsih, Kartono, "Multi-Restricted Area Avoidance Scenario Using Hybrid Dynamical Model and Its Predictive Controller", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 147–151, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040418
82. Evi Fatimatur Rusydiyah, Rakhmawati Rakhmawati, Eni Purwati, Moh. Hafiyusholeh, Ahmad Hanif Asyhar, "Multimedia Application Development With Islamic Critical Reflection Through 3-2-1 Technique for Novice Teacher Internship Program", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 100–105, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040314
83. Dang Quoc Vuong, Nguyen Duc Quang, "Coupling of Local and Global Quantities by A Subproblem Finite Element Method – Application to Thin Region Models", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 40–44, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040206
84. Fehrs Adu-Gyamfi, Yuhua Cheng, Chun Yin, "Robust synchronization of nonfragile control of complex dynamical network with stochastic coupling and time-varying delays", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 8–16, 2019. doi: 10.25046/aj040202
85. Lin Dong, Akira Rinoshika, "Analysis and Methods on The Framework and Security Issues for Connected Vehicle Cloud", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 105–110, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030611
86. Wei Hongbin, "Application of Modularization Idea of Fault Tree in Ship Pilotage Risk Decision Making", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 341–346, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030434
87. Kamel. Idris-Bey, Sofoklis S. Makridis, "Complete Modeling of the Hydrogen Stored in a Spherical Cavity", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 122–129, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030413
88. Meng-Chien Yang, Hsuan-Yu, Chiang, "Innovative design with learning reflexiveness for developing the Hamiltonian circuit learning games", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 352–356, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030143
89. Veit Bayer, Stephanie Kunath, Roland Niemeier, Jurgen Horwege, "Signal-Based Metamodels for Predictive Reliability Analysis and Virtual Testing", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 342–347, 2018. doi: 10.25046/aj030141
90. Hiroo Wakaumi, "A Switched-Capacitor Low-Pass Filter with Dynamic Switching Bias OP Amplifiers", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 100–106, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020613
91. Weihua Li, Chiman Kwan, "A Novel Approach to Sensor and Actuator Integrity Monitoring and Fault Magnitude Reconstruction", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1748–1757, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203214
92. Pauline Mouawad, Shlomo Dubnov, "On Modeling Affect in Audio with Non-Linear Symbolic Dynamics", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1727–1740, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203212
93. Anwar Mohamed Fanan, Nick Riley, Meftah Mehdawi, "Design of Cognitive Radio Database using Terrain Maps and Validated Propagation Models", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 13–19, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020602
94. Qinglei Meng, Deepa Gupta, Abenezer Wudenhe, Xiaoming Du, L. Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, "Three-Dimensional EEG Signal Tracking for Reproducible Monitoring of Self-Contemplating Imagination", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1634–1646, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203203
95. Wongpanya Nuankaew, Pratya Nuankaew, Kanakarn Phanniphong, "Lifelong Learning Application: Mobile Application to Promote Lifelong Learning and Introduce Educational Institutions", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1556–1564, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203194
96. Kamel Smiri, Habib Smei, Nourhen Fourati, Abderrazak Jemai, "Fault-Tolerant in Embedded Systems (MPSoC): Performance Estimation and Dynamic Migration Task", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1188–1195, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203150
97. Dmytro Pavlovich Kucherov, Andrei Nikolayevich Kozub, Oleg Nikolayevich Kostyna, "Group of UAVs Moving on Smooth Control Law with Fixed Obstacles", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1034–1041, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj0203131
98. Dewi Sartika Ginting, Kristin Sitompul, Jasael Simanulang, Rahmat Widia Sembiring, Muhammad Zarlis, "Modification of Symmetric Cryptography with Combining Affine Chiper and Caesar Chiper which Dynamic Nature in Matrix of Chiper Transposition by Applying Flow Pattern in the Planting Rice", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 6–12, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020502
99. Hamilton da Gama Schroder Filho, José Pissolato Filho, Vinicius Luciano Moreli, "The Search for a Convergent Option to Deploy Smart Grids on IoT Scenario", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 569–577, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020373
100. Zubayr Khalid, Pritam Paul, Khabbab Zakaria, Himadri Nath Saha, "An Encryption Key for Secure Authentication: The Dynamic Solution", Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 540–544, 2017. doi: 10.25046/aj020369