1. Introduction

The SSSC has operational controllability results are clearly indicating that introduction of SSSC in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia power network will equitably improve the power system loadability, curtailing the losses and value-added sustainability of the power system enactment by addressing control and operational issue throughout the GCC Electrical-power grid.

Hereafter, new SSSC optimization technique can thus be magnificently expended for this type of power system process optimization. This work published in 13^th the IET International AC/DC Conference held in Manchester, February 14-16, 2017. Whereas a SSSC determines and validates the three control and effective limits which have been made-to-order at (minimum (+/-) medium (+/-), and maximum (+/-) compensation.  These rheostats functioning limits are regulated by constituting their consequent PI control-values by exercising D.J. Cooper PID regulator Performance to achieve the following [1].

• Augmented Power flow
• Developed consistency & controllability
• Augmented angle and voltage constancy.

Therefore, FACTS Controllers are convincing candidate technology options centered on that following benefits can be perceived.

Figure 1. SSSC structure in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Figure 1 shows the GCC power network by retaining SSSC at augmented whereabouts by exercising Wideband-Delphi-Technique.

• Model reveals how much notional concentrated power can be dispensed in between QATAR and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
• At maximum conjectural power, what is borderline voltage
• Model reveals how much reactance must be retained by the orthodox series capacitance to double the power conveyance in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia if vital and prerequisite.
• Compute the introduced voltage by the series capacitor in between QATAR and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
• By SSSC how much introduced and instilled/injected reactive voltage Vr is upheld at diverse compensation of SSSC in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Compute the determined power supplied at persistent introduced voltage Vr
• If the load angle decreases from 71 to 0 how much power will be produced by SSSC in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

2.       GCC Electrical-power grid background

The GCC power-grid is constituted and employed into eight premeditated power system operational directions in order to meet national and industrial customers necessities in a consistent and viable demeanors at the GCC Electrical-power grid-network as shown in Figure 1 as considered and described with facts and figures, this is also published in [1] .

3.       SSSC Operational Analyses

Principally, the SSSC-series counterbalance device location is not very much perilous it can be employed anyplace on the GCC Electrical-power grid. In this case the SSSC has been retained at the borderline to decrease the power-line transmission impedance unnaturally by SSSC which is controlling to upsurge the power flow in the power transmission system in (5) and (6) determine how much line impedance (X_C) has been Controlled and Managed after employing series but stable capacitor’s K_series factor.

SSSC encompasses of capacitors and reactors to diverge the power-line impedance on domineering need basis vigorously. Predominantly, the SSSC injects the voltage   in a series into the power transmission network at the midpoint of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Qatar whereas instilled/injected the voltage at midpoint Vr has been computed in (7). The SSSC stipulates or expends reactive-power in capacitive/inductive control-mode of functions on the GCC power-grid, wherein the SSSC instilled/injected voltage in phase quadrature with the line current of the power network.

Figure 2 denotes maroon trend in the graphical presentation of the SSSC processes in capacitive and inductive mode of functions. Practically, blue trends denote how much real power transferred can transferred when electrical-power transmission network compensation carried-out capacitive, inductive mode of operations or neutral without any compensation factor. Figure 3 signifies that a SSSC has a main and great influence on power steadiness and load flow, but ithas limited impact on voltage profile enhancement as exhibited in (28) that V_m, V_s, V_r has negligible or no effect with SSSC  [2].

Figure 2. Signify the compensation factor by SSSC [2]

Figure 3. Denotes the SSSC impact.

3.1.  By employing Series Fixed Capacitor to upsurge the Power on the GCC Electrical-power grid

Herein determined conjectural power can be dispensed and distributed without conservative or non-conventional series compensation, the voltage structured transitorily but not vigorously and unvaryingly which is outfitted at 800 km long electrical-power transmission network from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to Qatar or vice versa along with its attendant substations. Now if series capacitor is connected at midpoint voltage as stated in Figure 3 to resource and expend sufficient reactive power to counterbalance as prerequisite. Equation (5) expended to compute series compensation factor to convalesce the power system steadiness and double the power at power transmission lines reactance X_C= 136.626 Ohms as intended in (6) and (7) [3].

Equation (7) reveals the concentrated power by adapting power transmission line reactance by series capacitor Units.

3.2.  By implementing Series-Capacitor to upsurge the Power on the GCC  Electrical-power grid

The SSSC has a tremendous competence to upturn the electrical Power flow and improve dynamic steadiness to supplant usual and uneconomical fixed series capacitors are expended to govern the prerequisite reactive current at midpoint in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for recompense [4].

Instill/Injected current with series capacitor is computed by exercising in (8), (9).

Instilled/injected voltage as given below

Equation (9) reveals the in a Phase injected/instill voltage

Equation (10) reveals the instilled/injected voltage in between QATAR and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Herein determined power flow can be sustained with unremitting voltage inserted by the SSSC at midpoint. Firstly, the SIL computed and determined by using Equation (11)

amount of real power can be dispensed in line with P_n, this is identified as a SIL in contradiction of the real electrical-power delivery.

Where

Equation (13) reveals electrical Power flow with unremitting reactive voltage instilled/injected whereas the  is determined

when

Equation (14) resultant after substituting  value

Unassumingly  and  are factorized as resultant in (15)

Where

Equation (17) resultant after replacing  and  values in (16)

Equation (17) is the streamlined and resultant in (18)

Equation (18)  value subtract in (14) and resultant from (19)

Whereas

Equation (20)  subtracted in (19) and developed new (21)

0

By adding the

 Equation resultant from (25) to convert into Quadratic form.

Equation (26) expressed the Quadratic function as detailed below with factors.

Equation (27) and (28) Quadratic roles are defined and extracted  and resultant in (29)

Equation (29) subtracted A and B factors values as defined and calculated in (12) and resultant in new (30)

Finally, the “x” values are signified as given below:

Equation (31) reveals the  and electrical power angle resultant

Where

Equation (32) subtract the A, B,  values and resultant the  value.

Equation (34) signifies the concentrated electrical power dispensed and distributed in the GCC Electrical-power grid by retaining SSSC to uphold persistent Vr vigorously in the Midpoint of QATAR and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as illustrated in Figure 4 [5].

Figure 4: SSSC connected in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Figure 5: SSSC connected in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Figure 6. Phasor diagram of voltage profile

Figure 7. SSSC connected at the midpoint and instilled/injected V_Q toward V_R

 

Figure 5: signifies that counterbalance device employed in the middle of the of the power transmission line, this is voltage source only dispense reactive electrical power not a real power. Figure 6 displays the influence of location if counterbalance device employment on voltage profile, the voltage on left side of the counterbalance device would be V_QL and right side V_QR. Figure 7 illustrates that the series counterbalance device employed in the middle the worst voltage-profile occurred at each side of the counterbalance device, whereas the voltage-profile vector aligns with the current vector [5]. Therefore, the midpoint voltage-profile is the same with/without SSSC functions as exhibited in (37) and (38) SSSC power flow with [6].

Equation (35) reveals the midpoint voltage-profile if  and resultant midpoint voltage denotes from (36)

Equation (35) reveals the midpoint voltage if  therefore,  voltage-profile are computed in (37) and (38). Sending end from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and receiving end at QATAR

3.3.  SSSC input Data

Table 1: operating parameters and associated countries

Countries	Power Exchange
To/from Qatar to main transmission line	400kV, 50Hz, 750MW
To/from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to main power-transmission line	400kV, 50Hz, 600 MW

Table 2: Conventional Reactive Power

Existing Power System	Reactive Power	Distance
VAR Demand at Al Jasra substation Kuwait	850MVAR	Ghunan Substation to Slawa Substation total distance 288Km
Reactive Power demand at Al-Al-Zour Substation	500MVAR	Slawa Substation total distance = 97Km

Table 3: Multivariable Controller’s Configuration

Al-Zour Substation	Iq regular: Kp 14dB; Ki: 0.014 dB	Counterbalanced and regulated voltage at 0-2%
Rated SSC: +/- 500 MVAR	Ref V: 1.0 pu (400kV)	(VC voltage change from 2% to 4%)
P (proportional): 0.33, 0.38, 0.40, I (integral) 0.7, 0.9, 1.2	Droop: 0.033pu/100MVA; Kp:14dB; Ki: 3500dB	(VC voltage change from 4-6%)

4.       Results and Discussion

4.1.  Maximum level Vr voltage-injection

It has been simulated and authenticated that further real power can be up-surged in the power transmission line to touch its design specification by up-surging the SSSC compensation  factor from 50% to 65% reactive voltage instilled/injected voltage would be 0.8864pu which is equivalent to 204kV and current Im = 2.1pu and  will activate consequently at different functioning condition total 1200MW power will be produced and distributed on the GCC electrical-Electrical-power grid. This is known as a determined compensation by implementing a SSSC  and its compensation factor from 50% to 65% to obtained projected  power produced and delivered in the electrical power transmission network on the GCC electrical-Electrical-power grid.

4.2.  Medium level Vr voltage-injection

As simulated by Matlab/SIMULINK and scientific/ mathematical model V_r instilled/injected voltage 0.5936pu which is uniform and match to 137kV at 50% SSSC reactive voltage compensation whereas the midpoint current I_m = 1.4459pu, and will activate consequently in this functioning circumstance to a total 1079 MW power which can be produced and distributed on the GCC Electrical-power grid as validated by the results.  Infact, QATAR and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia system has been devised to produce and distribute concentrated 1200MW electrical-power in the GCC Electrical-power grid during a peak load, therefore Margin is obtainable to upsurge the power up to its projected specification. This is also identified as a medium compensation by a SSSC compensation factor from 20% to 50%. Therefore, the Control function block expended to readjust PI controller response as exhibited in Figure 10 to diverge the firing angle of the Thyrister control [7].

4.3.  Minimum level Vr voltage-Injection

In the third challenge of operations, further this model was simulated and authenticated by exercising SSSC Controller.  At minimum compensation of the SSSC compensation  real power reduce considerably in the power transmission line to touch its projected specification by decreasing the SSSC  compensation  factor from 5% to 20% reactive voltage instilled/injected voltage would be 0.3710pu which is equal to 86.67kV and current Im = 0.974pu and  will activate consequently in this functioning condition total 986MW power will be produced and distributed on the GCC Electrical-power grid. This is identified as a minutest compensation by using a SSSC Controller and its compensation factor from 5 to 20% to achieve projected electrical power delivery of transmission network on the GCC Electrical-power grid. As instilled/injected voltage up-surged based on compensation from 5% to 20% there is considerable power flow and steadiness enhancement but very insignificant influence on voltage-profile as verified simulated consequences in Figure 8 (a) reactive power injection-waveform 8(b) indicates the total power delivered in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, this is also computed in equation (34). The PI controller configured and demonstrated its operational response in Figure 9. Detailed configuration discussed as given in the appendices [8].

Figure 8 (a). Reactive power injection on the GCC Power Grid

Figure 9 (b). Total active power delivered on the GCC Electrical-power grid

Figure 10. demonstrates the PI controller parameters

5.       Conclusion

Fundamental creativity of the SSSC application in the GCC Electrical-power grid transmission line compensation is the subject of extensive significance. In this study, it has been computed and simulated how much maximum power can be produced and distributed in between QATAR and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia without any process vagueness. It has been reasonable how much reactance must be provided by the series capacitance to double the power supply in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It also has been also identified and unwavering amount of reactive voltage to be instilled/injected in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in order to provide concentrated power delivery on the GCC Electrical-Power grid.

If the load angle as decreased below from 65 to 0 amount of electrical-power will be produced by SSSC in between Qatar and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Herein, the GCC electrical-power network will exclusively upsurge the power system loadability, decrease the losses and improve sustainability of the electrical-power system functioning. The results also illustrates that SSSC is multipurpose equipment with stupendous active capability to improve power system stability margin on the GCC Electrical-power grid. Based on these results, SSSC is a very strong-candidate to be instigated at GCC Electrical-power grid. It also demonstrates optimistic influence on neighboring countries’ power system functions at the GCC Electrical-power grid.

Table 4 Terms and Abbreviations

Name	Abbreviations
GCC	Gulf Cooperative Council
Ir	Reactive current
Za	Line Impedance
Vm	Midpoint voltage
Kshunt	series compensation factor in the network
Pn	Surge Impedance
KSA	Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Conflict of Interest

No conflict of interest in this paper has been identified.

Acknowledgment

I extend my special gratitude to all my coauthors in this paper in particularly late Prof. Dr Abdel-ETY Edris (Icon of FACTS Technology) at Santa Clara University for their unprecedented support and exceptional contribution to make this study a great success. I am also very grateful to my little Doll Princesses Fatima Masood, who kept me busy full time not giving me space during my research on smart control

Appendix No.1

PI Controller response computed

Appendix No. 2

SSSC Controller configuration

Appendix No. 3

SSSC Centralized and Decentralized Control

1. Tariq Masood, R.K. Aggarwal, S.A. Qureshi “Novel Control of a SSSC Connecting the Oman and United Arab Emirates in the GCC power Grid Interconnection” published in IJAPE International Journal of Automation and Power Engineering, Volume 2, issue 1 January, 2013.
2. Tariq Masood, Abdel Aty Edris, Suahil Aftab Qureshi, Muhammad Tajammal, Murtaza Hashmi DP Kothari, Samer Kareem “SSSC tailored to optimization performance in Between United Arab Emirates and Oman on the GCC Power Grid” published on 14-16 February, 2017 in the 13th IET International Conference on AC and DC power Transmission Conference.
3. Mohammed Rasetgar, Mehdi Saradarzeda “An Improved D-SSSC Voltage and Current Load Balancing Control Strategy Under Unbalanced Load published in 25th Iranian IEEE ICEE 2017.
4. Mohammed Abdul, Mohd Akram, “Power System Stability Enhancement using Static Synchronous Series Compensator”Published in IEEE (SCOPES)-2016
5. S. Jamali, A. Kazemi, H. Shateri “Voltage Inversion due to Presence of SSSC on Adjacent Lines and Distance Relay Mal-Operation” published in 2008 IEEE Conference.
6. D. Rai, S.O. Faried, “Impact of Imbalanced Phase Operation of SSSC on Damping Subsynchronous Resonance published in 2011 IEEE Conference,
7. Tariq Masood “Improvement of Voltage and power flow control in the GCC Electrical-power grid by using coordinated FACTS Controllers” Ph.D Thesis, published in 2013 at University of Bath, UK.
8. Tariq Masood, R.K. Aggarwal, Nasser Al-Eamdi “Enhanced Power Flow/Voltage Control in the GCC Grid by SSSC (SUBSYNCHRONOUS SERIES CONTROLLER) Robustness” published by Lambert in 2013 ISBN: 978-3-659-40995-0.

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