Analysis of Economic Load Dispatch with a lot of Constraints Using Vortex Search Algorithm

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 31 October, 2017 Accepted: 17 November, 2017 Online: 11 December, 2017 In modern powers systems, one of the most considerable topics is economic load dispatch (ELD). ELD is non-linear problem and it became non-convex and non-smooth problem with some constraints such as valve point loading effect. ELD is very crucial for energy generation and distribution in power systems. For solving ELD problem, a lot of methods were developed and used at different power systems. Vortex search algorithm (VSA) is proposed and applied for solving ELD problem in this paper. VSA method was developed in the form of stirring liquids. Transmission line losses, valve point loading effect, ramp rate limits and prohibited zones constraints were used to make the results of ELD problem the closest to the truth. The results which are obtained from VSA compared with PSO, CPSO, WIPSO, MFO, GA and MRPSO techniques. It can be clearly seen that VSA gave minimum cost values with optimum generator powers so it is very effective and useful method and it gave the best solutions for ELD.


Introduction
This paper is an extension of work originally presented in 4th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering [1]. The purpose of this work is solving economic load dispatch problem with a lot of constraints through with new optimization technique Vortex Search Algorithm.
Economic load dispatch of a power system is very important in terms of control and planning of that power system. Main goal of ELD is distributed total demand power among the committed thermal generation units with minimum production cost by satisfying set of equality and inequality constraints. If ELD problem is not solved for thermal power plants, demand power may be generated very costly. ELD problem can be basically modeled second order (quadratic) function [2]. However, this function may became more complex, non-smooth and non-convex with some constraints such as valve point loading effect, ramp rate limits, transmission line losses and prohibited zones.
Economic load dispatch plays very big role for operated power plants. For this reason, a lot of researcher studied this issue. A number of optimization techniques developed and applied to ELD problem. Quadratic Programming [3], Linear Programming [4], Non-Linear Programming [5], Lambda Iteration Method [6] etc. techniques were used for solving ELD problem. These traditionally techniques gives good results for basic ELD problem but these techniques may poor results when constraints and complexity are increased.
Together with the advances in the computer sciences, a lot of random search optimization techniques developed and used [7]. Different Evolution [8], Particle Swarm Optimization [9], Genetic Algorithm [10], Artificial Bee Colony [11], Harmony Search [12], Bacterial Foraging Optimization [13], Firefly Algorithm [14], Ant Colony Optimization [15] etc. are some of these techniques. User defined parameters are necessary for these optimization techniques. If the parameters are not chosen properly, the results obtained from these techniques may not be good results.
The organization of this paper as follows: Economic load dispatch, main objective of ELD, constraints of ELD and mathematical express of ELD are described in Section 2. Vortex Search Algorithm and its mathematical model are described in Section 3. Using test system, its parameters, obtained results and ASTESJ ISSN: 2415-6698 figures are described in Section 4. Finally evaluation of this paper is briefed in Section 5.

Economic Load Dispatch
There are a lot of operating cost for thermal power plants such as fuel cost, personal fees etc.. In these costs the biggest share is fuel cost of thermal generation units. For this reason solving economic load dispatch problem for thermal power plants is necessity. Main objective of economic load dispatch is keep the total fuel cost as minimum level while meet the total demand power. Basically defined cost function of ELD as a quadratic function as follows:

Valve Point Loading Effect
Due to opening stream valves at the power systems losses are increased. This effect is called valve point loading effect. Due to system losses are increased with valve point loading effect, total cost value is increased. Above equation has sinusoidal terms due to valve point loading effect. This situation can be seen in Figure  1. This transformed equation is expressed as follows:

Generators Limits
Thermal generators units must operate maximum and minimum power range. This power range can be different for different units:  P i,max ≥ P i ≥ P i,min   P i,min and P i,max are represent minimum generator limit and maximum generator limit of unit i.

Power Balance
Total generated power at the thermal power plants meet the demand power by consumers. For this reason transmission line losses must be considered. The total generated power obtained sum of total demand power and total transmission line losses.
Transmission line losses is calculated as follows: Total generated power is calculated as follows: N represent total thermal power plant. P d and P loss represent total demand power by consumer and total transmission line losses respectively. B ij , B 0i and B 00 are transmission loss coefficients.

Ramp Rate Limits
While a thermal generator unit is operating at a certain point, the operating point can only be increased to a certain level determined by the up ramp rate limit or decreased to a certain level determined by the down ramp rate limit.
This situation is shown as follows: UR i represents the up-ramp rate limit, DR i represent down ramp rate limit, P i 0 is previous generated power and Pi present generated power of unit i.

Prohibited Zone
In some cases, thermal generation units do not worked and do not want to be worked some reasons such as mechanical corruption some particular power range (prohibited zone). These conditions can be expressed as follows: j represents number of prohibited zones of unit i and j=2, 3, 4 …ni. P j lowerbound represents lower limit and P j upperbound represents upper limit of jth prohibited zone. Prohibited zone effect is shown in Figure 2.

Vortex Search Algorithm
Vortex search algorithm is a new optimization technique and inspired by stirring liquid materials. [17,18]. VSA is very influential and handy technique for solving economic load dispatch problem. As a result of using an extensible step size modification arrangement a good balancing explorative and exploitative behavior of the search are obtained [18]. Vortex patterns can be represented in two dimensional space as a lot of nested circuits. The biggest and outer circuit is starting circuit of search space. The center of this circuit is calculated as follows: Figure 2 Shown of prohibited zones [16] Upperlimit and lowerlimit are maximum and minimum constraints of the problem. A lot of candidate solutions are constituted into the outer circuit. The initial standard deviation is accepted as radius of this outer circuit and calculated as follows:  µ 0 = (upperlimit + lowerlimit) / 2   σ 0 = (max (upperlimit)min (lowerlimit)) / 2  Generated candidate solutions must be controlled for ensure these solutions within the maximum and minimum limits of the problem. If these candidate solutions are not into the search space, they must be shifted into the search space. Some candidate solutions, which are not into the search space, shifted into the search space using equation as follows:  s i k lowerlimit i + (upperlimit i -lowerlimit i )×rand  After this step a candidate solution, which is the best solution into the search space, is selected. This best solution is represented s'. This solution is memorized and current center μ 0 is shifted to s'. New candidate solutions are constituted around this new center. All of candidate solutions are compared with previous best solution. If there is a better solution than s', it is selected as a new best solution [19]. This situation continues each iteration step. Radius of the circuits must be decreased every iteration. For this reason inverse gamma function (gammaincinv) is used and new radius is calculated every iteration as follows:

Test System and Results
Vortex search algorithm was proposed and used for solving economic load dispatch problem. Six generation unit power system was selected. VSA algorithm was applied to this system considering various constraints. Each cases the number of iteration is limited to 1000 for obtained good solutions.

Case 1: ELD with Ramp Rate
For this case two different constraints, which are ramp rate limits and transmission line losses, applied to system. Cost coefficients, ramp rate limits data and maximumminimum limits of generators are shown in Table 1. Results of VSA was given Table 2 with different optimization techniques. Convergence behavior of VSA for this case was shown Figure 4. For this case selected power is 1263MW.  Figure 3 Outline flowchart of VSA Results of vortex search algorithm compared with PSO, CPSO and WIPSO techniques from [20]. It is clear that from the Table 2 proposed VSA method has capable of the finding best solutions and minimum cost value. Figure 4 is shown convergence behavior of VSA for this case.

Case 3: ELD with Valve Point Loading Effect
For this case three different constraints, which are transmission line losses, valve point loading effect and ramp rate limits, applied to system. Cost coefficients and valve point loading effect coefficients are given in Table 7. Obtained results were given in Table8 and compared with different methods. Convergence behavior of VSA for this case was shown Figure 6. 1263 MW power was selected for demand power.
Results of VSA and other techniques results was shown in Table 8. Maximum and minimum limits of generators are same with Table 4 and ramp rate limits are same with Table 5. Demand power is selected 1263 MW for this case. It is obviously seen that from the Table 8 VSA, method gave best cost value when compared with from PSO, CPSO, WIPSO and MRPSO techniques from [22].

Conclusion
In this paper vortex search algorithm was applied to six generator power system for solving economic load dispatch problem. ELD problem was became more complex and more difficult problem with valve point loading effect, ramp rate limits, transmission line losses and prohibited zones constraints. Three different situation were analyzed and for first case minimum cost value was found 15448 $, for second case minimum cost value was found 15447 $, for third case minimum cost value was found 15746 $. Obtained results from VSA compared with another techniques from the literature. These results clearly show that VSA is very capable, feasible and effective method for solving non smooth and very complex economic load dispatch problem.